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Efforts to model winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop growth and yield have required scientists to define processes in wheat physiology and to link knowledge of physiology with detailed descriptions of phenology. The use of precise visual plant staging to express different phenological phases of wheat has allowed modellers to define such features as: the specific organs available for growth; resource...
Experiments were carried out to study the differential responses of different wheat cultivars to boron toxicity in field, greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. In field trials carried out at two locations, both of which are known to contain toxic amounts of water-extractable B, significant correlations were obtained between toxicity symptoms and grain yields. The only durum cultivar included in...
Variations in growth habit and its genetic control in landraces of hexa-, tetra- and diploid wheats were studied. Studies demonstrated simple (one, two, or three genes) genetic control of growth habit (spring vs. winter). Triticum aestivum originated from only a part of the gene pools of the diploid species. Results show the feasibility of transferring new Vrn genes from the Sitopsis section of species...
Robertsonian translocation between homoeologous chromosomes is one means for introducing alien genes from related species into common wheat. This study was undertaken to determine if selection for normal segregation of an alien trait could be used to identify favourable translocations. Agrotana (an octoploid agrotriticum, probably derived from Thinopyrum ponticum) carries resistance to the wheat curl...
New plant genotypes were produced using barley-wheat hybrids, Hordeum vulgare L. x Triticum aestivum L., and H. geniculatum All. x T. aestivum L. Biotechnological methods were used. Cytogenetic analysis revealed different characters of formation for fertile alloplasmic lines among progenies of H. vulgare x T. aestivum and H. geniculatum x T. aestivum.
High grain yield is the primary objective of most wheat breeding programs around the world. In some countries, for example Australia and Canada, a new wheat cultivar must meet a prescribed level of quality before it can be registered for commercial production. For most traditional uses, wheat quality derives mainly from two interrelated characteristics: grain hardness and protein content. Grain hardness...
Investigations of the world wheat genepool conducted by Ukraine's National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources produced information on the geographic origins and genetic background of numerous wheat lines possessing the 1BL/1RS wheat-rye translocation, 1B(R) substitution and 1AL/1RS translocation. Wheat-rye translocations can determine high productivity, adaptive possibilities, and disease and insect...
A new method for screening wheat for boron tolerance has been developed to overcome the problems of methods used in the past. Seedlings were grown for 10 days while suspended over B-rich solutions. Their root lengths were then measured as an index of tolerance. Five varieties of wheat were screened at seven concentrations of B. Results were obtained more quickly and easily than from the alternative...
To determine the present situation of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) in Konya province, five localities were surveyed at 7-10 day intervals during the 1989-1990 growing season. Population development, alternate hosts, and natural enemies of this species were observed. While D. noxia was found in small numbers in the autumn of 1989, its population suddenly increased to epidemic levels in 1990. This dramatic...
In wheat, the possibility of introducing F1 seed into practical agriculture has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of effective chemical hybridising agents (CHAs). Although some technical and economic problems concerning the use of CHAs for large-scale production of F1 seed remain to be solved, a first group of F1 hybrids has been submitted for registration in several European countries i.e.,...
The aim of pattern recognition by image analysis is to accurately determine the parameters of a given object so that recognition can be achieved. The recognition procedure finds its mathematical tools in signal processing. In the classification of wheats by image processing, spots and dust particles, considered 'noise' in the terminology of signal processing, may significantly decrease the performance...
Characterisation of introgressions of powdery mildew resistance into wheat from Aegilops speltoides and Ae. mutica was attempted by the application of cytological analysis of meiotic behaviour and molecular markers, based on isozymes and RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA). Cytological results suggest that a chromosome segment of Ae. speltoides has been successfully translocated to a wheat chromosome,...
After the evaluation of numerous accessions of primitive wheats for yield components and morphophysiological traits related to drought tolerance (e.g., maintenance of high relative water content, RWC; photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, qQ; and chlorophyll loss, chl, under moisture stress conditions), several accessions belonging to three species (Triticum dicoccum, T. polonicum,...
Hexaploid wheat has the largest cultivated area among crop plants due to its adaptability to different agroclimatic regions. A large part of this adaptability depends upon the variation in vernalisation and photoperiod requirements. A better understanding of the genetic control of flowering in wheat, as expressed by vernalisation requirements and photoperiod response, will guide breeders in targeting...
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping data for genes determining dwarfness (GA insensitive and GA sensitive), vernalisation response and photoperiodic response in wheat, rye and barley were compared and their homoeologous relationships discussed. The GA insensitive Rht genes of wheat are not related to the GA insensitive dwarfing genes of rye or barley; however, homoeology is present...
Australian wheat quality research has focused on the quality requirements of Asian markets for more than 20 years. This has included the development of appropriate test methods for the laboratory manufacture and quality assessment of wheat-based food products. Products considered have included white salted and yellow alkaline noodles, instant noodles, steamed bread and dumplings. The research has...
In order to evaluate wheat response to yellow rust, 25 advanced, promising and commercial bread wheat cultivars were tested as seedlings in greenhouse conditions in Karaj, Iran, and as adult plants in field conditions at four locations. Five pathotypes of yellow rust, 14E176A+, 134E142A+, 6E210A+, 4E128A- and 64E146A+ prevailing in field test locations, were used in the seedling tests. The results...
Winter wheats with high grain quality for bread making are produced in southern Ukraine. Wheat breeding began more then 80 years ago. Over this time, seven wheat variety changes were made and yield potential increased from 2.73 t ha-1 to 6.74 t ha-1. This increase was due to a decrease in photoperiodic sensitivity and the introduction of semidwarf genes. Genes for photoperiodic sensitivity (Ppd) and...
Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were carried out using seven bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), three durum wheat (T. durum), two rye (Secale cereale), three barley (Hordeum vulgare), two triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) and one oat (Avena sativa) cultivars to study response to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn fertilisation in nutrient solution and in a severely Zn deficient calcareous soil...
A combination of in vivo and in vitro selection methods were used to increase aluminium tolerance in wheat using wheat x triticale crosses. Both in vivo and in vitro aluminium treatments significantly influenced the anther culture response. In vivo selection at the seedling stage resulted in significantly higher embryo induction. On induction media containing aluminium, the embryoid induction frequency...
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