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A rheometric method based on velocity profiling by optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used in the analysis of rheological and boundary layer flow properties of a 0.5% microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) suspension. The suspension showed typical shear thinning behaviour of MFC in the interior part of the tube, but the measured shear viscosities followed interestingly two successive power laws with...
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by NaBH4 reduction and loaded in the dry-fabricated biofilm (DFBF) or the interlayer space of montmorillonite (MMT), generating AgNPs/DFBF or AgNPs/MMT composites, respectively. Use of NaBH4 at lower concentrations resulted in smaller the derived AgNPs, which exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and...
Cellulose laurate ester (CE) aerogels were successfully prepared by regeneration of a CE tetrahydrofuran solution from ethanol followed by drying. The adsorption behavior of CE aerogels for pyridine and chlorobenzene in simulated organic wastewater was investigated through a batch static adsorption process. The effects of the contact time, initial concentration and degree of substitution (DS) on adsorption...
Biomass recalcitrance is considered to be one of the impediments in bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to sugars. Rice straw, a potential lignocellulosic waste, owing to the surplus availability, renewability and high carbohydrate content was used as a model LCB in the present study. The alkaline hydrogen peroxide-assisted wet air oxidation (APWAO) was evaluated as plausible pretreatment...
Despite nomenclature conventions of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the repeating unit of cellulose is often said to be cellobiose instead of glucose. This review covers arguments regarding the repeating unit in cellulose molecules and crystals based on biosynthesis, shape, crystallographic symmetry, and linkage...
This work investigates reinforcing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites using triazine derivative-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). A hydrophobic triazine derivative was synthesized and applied to modify CNCs to improve their thermal stability and diminish the hydrophilicity of the nanoparticles. CNCs before and after modification were used to reinforce PLA nanocomposites by a hot compression...
Polyelectrolyte complexes formed with polysaccharides have generated much interest among researchers because of their excellent performances and mild process. In this work, using calcium alginate/sodium cellulose sulfate [CA/NaCS] as template, [CA/NaCS–CHC]n microcapsules with one, two and three outer layers were self-assembled with NaCS and chitosan hydrochloride (CHC). PEC layer assembly on the...
In museums, libraries and archives, some of the paper relics, upon ageing, are very brittle and even cannot be handled without destroying the material. This is because of the depolymerization of cellulose and, consequently, the loss of mechanical strength. To prolong the life expectancy of paper relics, the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate-co-styrene) (MMA-BA-ST) was used to strengthen the...
In this research work, silver nanoparticles/polyethylene glycol/cellulose acetate ultrafiltration (Ag-NPs/PEG/CA UF) composite membranes were synthesized and characterized. The Ag-NPs were embedded in the polymer matrix by two methods: in situ and ex situ; varying the type of solvent used (dimethylformamide, DMF; or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP). The Ag-NPs used in the ex situ method were synthesized...
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a pure form of cellulose and has some superior properties such as an ultrafine fiber network, high water-holding capacity and ease of fabrication into a desired shape. It has been widely studied for applications in tissue engineering, wound dressing, artificial skin and protein delivery. In the current study, BC matrices (12 mm diameter) were prepared and evaluated for...
Soybean protein isolate (SPI) is well-suited to the preparation of composite films due to its abundance, renewability, biodegradability, and favorable film-forming capacity. In this study, different SPI-based composite films were prepared by incorporating nano-ZnO and 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (TNFC) separately or together. Nano-ZnO was introduced...
In this study, the surface polarity of sulfated crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) was tailored using an ecologically compatible surface modification strategy. Lauric arginate, a novel biologically-derived cationic surfactant, was ionically bonded to the CNC surface sulfate groups forming a monolayer that significantly increased surface hydrophobicity. Both unmodified (P-CNC) and surfactant modified...
Explicitly understanding biomass recalcitrance through the characterization of biomass physicochemical properties may help to develop efficient pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis strategies. The lignin of corncob and eucalyptus contain the same main linkage bonds: β–O–4 aryl ether bonds, β–β and β–5 structures, but the lignin of eucalyptus was of the syringyl (S)-guaiacy (G) type, while that of...
This paper investigates a new analytical technique for the quantitative detection of total sugar content in lignocellulosic hydrolysates by reaction headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). By detecting the carbon dioxide (CO2) generated from the reaction between sugars in lignocellulosic hydrolysates and potassium dichromate, the total sugar content in lignocellulosic hydrolysates can be quantified...
A comprehensive understanding of the structural and chemical nature of plant cell walls is important from both the perspectives of plant biotechnology and of commercial utilization. The Raman imaging technique is a preferred solution for its ability to offer spatial and spectral information simultaneously. However, the exact spectra of hemicellulose and cellulose are difficult to directly discern...
ZnO particle/water and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibril (TOCN)/water dispersions were mixed at various ratios under stirring. The aqueous ZnO/TOCN mixtures were sonicated, cast, and dried to prepare ZnO/TOCN composite films with various ZnO/TOCN weight ratios. The ZnO contents of the films were controlled to 0–50% (w/w). When the ZnO content was increased...
Development of an ideal wound dressing to efficiently improve the wound healing process is an important issue in wound care. The present study aims to develop a dextran/bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel and to evaluate its performance in wound healing applications. The assessments include material properties (morphology, thermostability and its mechanical properties), cytotoxicity, cell proliferation...
Foam forming is a promising papermaking technology, which can reduce water and energy consumption while saving raw material. It can be used to produce low quantity thick special products such as non-woven fabrics and filter papers with high porosity and smooth surfaces. This study mainly introduced the effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foaming properties on foam forming, including foam generation...
Traditional wound dressings such as cotton gauze and bandages are adhesive and often painful to detach from wounded skin, leading to additional damage to the wound. It is essential to develop low-adherent wound dressings for relief of pain and trauma in the wound healing process. In this work, a new methodology based on surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical...
Bamboo has excellent mechanical properties compared to wood and other plant materials, due to its multilayered structure and polytropic microfibril angle (MFA). The micro/nano scale structure and MFA of fibers, parenchyma cells, and vessels from 4-year-old Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys Heterocycla Var. Pubescens) were investigated by a novel LC-PolScope imaging system and transmission electron microscopy...
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