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Oxidative stress phenomena have been related with the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly in Alzheimer Disease (AD), oxygen reactive species (ROS) and its derivatives can be found in brain samples of postmortem AD patients. However, the mechanisms by which oxygen reactive species can alter neuronal function are still not elucidated. There is a growing amount of evidence pointing to a...
Neurodegenerative disorders include a variety of pathological conditions, which share similar critical metabolic processes such as protein aggregation and oxidative stress, both of which are associated with the involvement of metal ions. In this review Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are mainly discussed, with the aim of identifying common trends underlying these neurological conditions...
Iron is crucial for a variety of cellular functions in neuronal cells. Neuronal iron uptake is reflected in a robust and consistent expression of transferrin receptors and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT 1). Conversely, the mechanisms by which neurons neutralize and possibly excrete iron are less clear. Studies indicate that neurons express ferroportin which could reflect a mechanism for iron export...
The mechanism(s) by which iron in blood is transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) remains controversial. Here we have examined the first step of this trans-cellular pathway, namely the mechanism(s) of iron uptake into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMVEC). We show that hBMVEC actively reduce non-transferrin bound FeIII (NTBI) and transferrin-bound FeIII (TBI); this activity...
Iron is an essential element for life on earth, participating in a plethora of cellular processes where one-electron transfer reactions are required. Its essentiality, coupled to its scarcity in aqueous oxidative environments, has compelled living organisms to develop mechanisms that ensure an adequate iron supply, at times with disregard to long-term deleterious effects derived from iron accumulation...
Neurodegenerative disease is a condition in which subpopulations of neuronal cells of the brain and spinal cord are selectively lost. A common event in many neurodegenerative diseases is the increased level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by accumulation and deposits of inclusion bodies that contain abnormal aggregated proteins. However, the basis of how ER stress contributes to the selective...
The purpose of this study was to determine metal ion levels in central visual system structures of the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure levels of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and calcium (Ca) in the retina and retinal projection of 5-month (pre-glaucomatous) and 10-month (glaucomatous) old...
Chronic copper toxicity has been long known to cause hepatotoxicity and liver cirrhosis as observed in Wilson’s disease; however, substantial evidence accrued over the time have shown considerable increase in animal studies demonstrating Alzheimer’s disease like pathology due to chronic copper-intoxication under certain conditions. This review integrates the contemporary mammalian studies in which...
Aluminium (Al), a ubiquitous element in nature is associated with the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. On the other hand, zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element that regulates large number of physiological processes in the human body. The present study was conducted to explore the role of zinc, if any, in regulating apoptotic machinery during Al induced neurodegeneration in rat. Male sprague dawley...
Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes the most prevalent form of age-related dementia but its pathogenesis remains obscure. Altered regulation of metals, particularly pan-cerebral copper deficiency, and more regionally-localized perturbation of other metals, are prominent in AD brain although data on how these CNS perturbations are reflected in the peripheral...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in neural development and physiology, as well as in pathological states. Post-mortem studies demonstrate that BDNF is reduced in the brains of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Iron accumulation has also been associated to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In rats, iron overload induces persistent memory deficits,...
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