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The most recently identified members of the p53 family, p63 and p73, share certain structural and functional similarities with p53. Both p63 and p73 can bind to canonical p53-DNA-binding sites, transactivate the promoters of known p53 target genes and induce apoptosis. Despite these similarities there are many important differences. In contrast to p53, p63 and p73 give rise to multiple distinct protein...
The TP53 tumour-suppressor gene belongs to a family that includes the two recently identified homologues TP63 and TP73. Overexpression of p73 can activate typical p53-responsive genes and induce apoptosis like p53. In addition, activation of p73 has been implicated in apoptotic cell death induced by aberrant cell proliferation and some forms of DNA-damage. These data together with the localization...
HIV-1 Tat is a potent transcriptional activator of the viral promoter with the ability to modulate a number of cellular regulatory circuits including apoptosis. Tat exerts its effects through interaction with viral as well as cellular proteins. Here, we studied the influence of p73, a protein that is implicated in apoptosis and cell cycle control, on Tat apoptotic function in the central nervous system...
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and has proven to be highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Intriguingly, the p53 tumor suppressor, a main mediator of chemoresistance in other tumor types, is rarely mutated in melanoma. However, we have previously shown that anti-apoptotic isoforms of p73 (ΔTA-p73), another member of the p53 family, are overexpressed in metastatic...
p53 acts as a central mediator of the cellular response to stressful stimuli. The growth-suppressive function of p53 is lost with mutation and this occurs commonly in human cancer. In addition to suppressing cancer development and progression, wild-type p53 further confers chemo-sensitivity and radio-sensitivity upon tumor cells. Accumulated evidence over the last two decades that wild-type p53 activity...
The p53 gene super family consists of three members; TP53, TP63 and TP73, encoding proteins p53, p63 and p73. Whilst p63 appears to have an essential role in embryonic development with a less clear role in carcinogenesis, irregularities in p53 and p73 signalling are implicated in tumour formation. As such, p53 is a tumour suppressor which is mutated in over 50% cancers and p73 was recently formally...
Camptothecin (CPT) and Nutlin-3 caused apoptosis by increasing p53 protein and its activation in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). We studied the effectiveness of these inducers on apoptosis in human colon cancer cells (Caco2) lacking p53 expression. CPT failed to activate caspase-3 and cause apoptosis in these cells. The absence of p53 expression, higher basal Bcl-xL and lower Bax proteins prevented...
Accumulation of amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) in the brain is considered as a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous studies show that p73 is vital for mediating the pathogenic process of AD. Yes-associated protein (YAP) has been shown to positively regulate p73 in promoting apoptosis induced by anti-cancer agents. However, the functional role of YAP and potential relationship between...
The proto-oncogene, pleomorphic adenoma gene-like 2 (PLAGL2), is implicated in a variety of cancers including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), malignant glioma, colon cancer, and lung adenocarcinoma. There is additional evidence that PLAGL2 can function as a tumor suppressor by initiating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, PLAGL2 has also been implicated in human myelodysplastic syndrome,...
The ability to induce apoptosis is the most important tumor-suppression function of p53. Inhibitory member of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 family (iASPP) is an apoptotic-specific regulator of p53. iASPP suppresses apoptosis by inhibiting the transactivation function of p53 on the promoters of proapoptotic genes; however, the mechanism whereby iASPP influences apoptosis in tumor cells with...
Apoptin, a protein derived from the chicken anaemia virus, induces cell death in various cancer cells but shows little or no cytotoxicity in normal cells. The mechanism of apoptin-induced cell death is currently unknown but it appears to induce apoptosis independent of p53 status. Here we show that p73, a p53 family member, is important in apoptin-induced apoptosis. In p53 deficient and/or mutated...
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) alone or in combination with other drugs is the main basis of chemotherapeutic treatment in colorectal cancer although patients with microsatellite instability generally show resistance to 5-FU treatment. The present investigation is focussed on the mechanistic insight of a pure herbal carbazole alkaloid, mahanine, as a single or in combination with 5-FU in colon cancer. We demonstrated...
Involvement of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein in neuronal deregulation and in the development of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) has been amply explored; however the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In search for the mechanisms, we demonstrated that Tat deregulates neuronal functions through a pathway that involved...
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