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Abstract. Altitudinal and seasonal variations in the diet of Japanese macaques in Yakushima, southwestern Japan, were studied for 2years by means of fecal analysis. The altitudinal range of fecal samples collected was 30m to 1,203m above sea level, and it was divided into three zones: low-zone forest (0399m), middle-zone forest (400799m), and high-zone forest (800m1,230m). There was a considerable...
Abstract. A 487-nucleotide sequence in the polymorphic D-loop region of matrilineally inherited mitochondrial DNA was compared in samples from 14 (9 adult males and 5 females or young) Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) of two troops at Gagyusan in Takahashi City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The majority (7 out of the sampled 9) of the adult males associated with the troops had nucleotide sequences...
Abstract. We report a case of successful reproduction in wild-released orphan chimpanzees. Using non-invasive genetic analysis, we determined the paternity of an infant born to a female chimpanzee released by HELP (Habitat Ecologique et Libert des Primates) Congo into the Conkouati-Douli National Park, Republic of Congo. The sire was a released male, thus demonstrating successful reproduction in both...
Abstract. Positional behavior was quantitatively studied in identified free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Five male and 11 female adults were observed in a forested mountain habitat. Data were analyzed for proportion of bout distance, number and time of each locomotion and postural type. Japanese macaques are semiterrestrial, and mainly walk and run quadrupedally. This supports the notion...
Abstract. Phytochemical or nutrient analyses of primate diets have revealed clues to their food selection in a single species. On the other hand, few interspecific comparisons of phytochemical or nutrient composition of primate diets have been made, although diets are considered to differ in phytochemical or nutrient content from primate species to species, since different species have different body...
Abstract. In this study we report preliminary data on the consumption of tannin-rich plants by sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) living in the Kirindy forest, western Madagascar. Sifakas spent most of their time feeding on only a few plant species. The tannin intake during the period between the pregnancy and birth season was significantly higher in pregnant females or females with lactating...
Abstract. This study identifies populations currently classified as Allen's galago (Galago alleni) at ten locations in Gabon, Cameroon and Bioko Island. Morphological diversity was evident both within and between populations. Attention to the loud calls revealed three distinct vocal profiles which are consistent within biogeographical regions. This work is based on the Recognition Concept of Species...
Abstract. The descent of the larynx is a key phenomenon not only in postnatal development, but also in the evolution of human speech. The positional change of the larynx is affected by the descent of the hyoid bone in relation to the mandible and cranial base, and that of the laryngeal framework in relation to the hyoid bone. The phylogeny of the spatial configuration of the hyo-laryngeal complex...
This research assessed motherinfant relationships in rhesus and Japanese macaques living in analogous captive social groups, and monitored changes in the levels of excreted estrogen metabolites during the peripartum period. Each motherinfant pair was focally observed 3h per week during the first 12weeks of life of newborns. Fecal samples were collected twice a week from each mother, starting 4weeks...
We have found evidence that wild chimpanzees used stout sticks to dig into one end of a decayed fallen trunk from the side and a long stick with a frayed end to dig into or brush its stump, in the Moukalaba Reserve, Gabon. This type of stick use by wild chimpanzees has not been recorded in any habitat. This finding should contribute to future studies and discussions of variations in tool use and cultural...
We examined bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae of four chimpanzee skeletons from Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, and four captive ones, with a dual energy X-ray absorptiometer. The BMD of Wansombo, an old female chimpanzee from Mahale , was remarkably lower than the mean of the other six younger adult female chimpanzees and categorized as osteoporosis. Posture,...
Although color vision deficiency is very rare among Old World monkeys and apes, one male chimpanzee (Lucky) was identified as protanomalous by genetic and physiological analyses. This study assessed behavioral phenotypes of Lucky and four chimpanzees with normal color vision by discrimination task using the modified Ishihara pseudo-isochromatic plates. Lucky could not discriminate the stimuli that...
Spider monkeys exhibit a fissionfusion type of social organization. I studied party size and party composition in wild long-haired spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) in three study periods at La Macarena, Colombia and found that overall party size was larger in the fruit-abundant season. Mean party size in which males were observed was relatively stable across seasons. In contrast, the mean...
We performed a comparative study of bone mechanical properties in the radii of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), humans (Homo sapiens), and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. We investigated: (1)cortical bone area relative to the total periosteal area (PrA); (2) trabecular bone area relative to PrA; (3) cortical bone density; and (4) trabecular bone...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been reported to exist not only in nervous tissue but also in serum. In contrast to the wealth of knowledge regarding the various physiological functions of BDNF in the nervous system, information about possible roles in other systems is limited. To elucidate the physiological function of serum BDNF in primates, it is first necessary to establish a method...
Pan paniscus is unique in the group of African apes because of its range south of the Congo River. Examination of the bio-geographical journey of the genus Pan to the species P. paniscus is important when discussing the evolution of African apes. This paper is a review of the paleo-geographic events, the zoogeography, and faunal sorting which influenced P. paniscus divergence from the Proto-pan ancestor...
Data on social changes in patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) groups were collected to clarify the general characteristics of male supplantation and to evaluate the overall role of supplanting in patas society. Seven patas groups were observed in Kala Maloue National Park, Northern Cameroon for 11years. Analysis of this data revealed that social change, such as male supplanting, was restricted to the...
We investigated allometric relationships between vertebral centrum cranial surface areas and body weight and skeletal lumbar length in extant platyrrhine and cercopithecid species. Platyrrhines have smaller lumbar vertebral centra regarding the cranial surface area relative to their body weight than extant catarrhines. However, the stress to the spine of quadrupeds is not only influenced by the body...
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