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Abstract. We examine the effects of spacing and layout on the growth and form of 3- to 4-year-old Eucalyptus globulus in a farm forestry context. Four planting layouts were chosen. These represented the range commonly in use in farm forestry: block plantings (24m), triple rows (24m) at 10-m intervals, single rows (210m) and isolated trees (1010m). The physiological significance of key results is interpreted...
Abstract. The effects of three boron levels on the growth dynamics and ectomycorrhizas of seedlings of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were studied in a growth room experiment. The seedlings were grown in forest humus mixed with quartz sand for 16weeks. The B treatment was applied in the nutrient solution. Stem height, dry weight, number of root tips, mycorrhizas as well as B and N concentrations...
Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine whether fertilization and the consequent increase in growth reduce the allocation of soluble carbohydrates in response to an induced wound. Norway spruce trees fertilized with N, P or NPK were artificially infected with Ceratocystis polonica, a blue-stain fungus associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. N and NPK fertilization treatments...
Abstract. We investigated use of strain gauges for monitoring the water status of trees by measuring changes in the diameter of the largest spreading branch of a 27-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa tree. The change in xylem diameter in the branch is more closely related than the change in phloem diameter to the change in leaf water potential. Since the diurnal changes in diameter match the diurnal changes...
Abstract. Planting of beech in old Scots pine plantations could facilitate the extension of adjoining small natural populations of beech in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. To be successful the survival and growth of seedlings after outplanting must be compatible with microclimatic conditions within thinned pine woods. The present paper deals with water relations in beech seedlings following the...
Abstract. We investigated the relationship between leaf shape and leaf hydraulic resistance in a set of broadleaf Quercus tree species (Q. cerris, Q. frainetto, Q. petraea, Q. pyrenaica, Q. robur, Q. rubra, Q. velutina). Seedlings of all the studied species were grown under uniform environmental conditions. A new high-pressure flowmeter was designed to measure leaf-blade hydraulic resistance. Leaf...
Abstract. We investigated effects of low Mg and moderately raised NaCl, as occurs in plantations irrigated with tertiary municipal effluent in New Zealand, on growth, Mg nutrition and photosynthetic activity of Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings grown in nutrient solutions with a Perlite medium. Seedlings were grown with either sufficient (0.35mM; H[Mg]) or limited (0.033mM; L[Mg]) Mg supply, without...
Abstract. Seasonal variation in dehydrins and other soluble proteins of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles, buds and bark were analyzed monthly for 1year from 1998 to 1999. Dehydrin-related proteins of 60 and 56kDa were identified immunologically in all tissues. The concentration of the 60-kDa dehydrin was highest during the winter (OctoberFebruary) in buds and bark but increased in early spring...
Abstract. Non-structural carbohydrates in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood were analysed in a 7-year-old clone and in five mature stems. The analysis was conducted to obtain more detailed information on seasonal fluctuation of these components and of the tree-to-tree variation and within stem variation. The sugars were analysed by GLC-MS. The smallest total soluble sugar amounts (consisting...
Abstract. Foliage nutrient concentrations of overstorey and understorey Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], and height growth and needle weights of understorey saplings, were studied in a 7-year period after harvest. The following treatments were applied on each of three sites 5years prior to needle sampling: control with no cutting, partial cutting with 5060% removal of basal area, and patch...
Abstract. Young individuals of a single clone of black cottonwood, in Iceland, were exposed for 3years to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2] in whole-tree chambers at natural and high nutrient availability. No treatment effects were found at bud break or the start of shoot extension in spring. Autumn phenology was, however, affected both by elevated [CO2] and changes in nutrient status...
Abstract. The pipe model theory postulates a static relationship between foliage mass/area and the cross-sectional area of active pipes in branches and stems. If a regular relationship exists, the theory can be used for modelling growth allocation within crowns, provided that the turnover of active pipes and foliage is understood. The objective of this study was to assess to what extent the assumptions...
Abstract. The diameter growth of mature cork oaks under cork production in southwestern Portugal was studied during a 9-year cork-production cycle in relation to fluctuations in precipitation and temperature, and to drought indices combining the two variables. A dendroclimatological approach was applied to the series of 8 complete years contained in the cork-production cycle and growth effects were...
Abstract. The photosynthetic performance of trembling aspen (Populus tremula L.) twigs and leaves was studied in relation to selected structural features of aspen bark. PFD transmittance of intact periderm was reduced by about 90% in current-year twigs through peridermal thickening. However, because of drastic changes within the bark microstructure, PFD transmittance increased in 1-year-old twig segments...
Abstract. In the Alps, larch (Larix decidua Mill.) forests show periodic discolouration due to larch budmoth (LBM) outbreaks (Zeiraphera diniana Gune, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Tree defoliation causes severe reductions in radial growth, visible in tree rings. This paper aims at reconstructing LBM outbreak history, and critically examining the potential for using dendrochronological data by comparing...
Abstract. To evaluate the sensitivity of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) to high N deposition, 1-year-old seedlings were grown in brown forest soil treated with N as NH4NO3 at 0, 25, 50, 100 and 300mg l1 fresh soil volume, equivalent to 0, 28, 57, 113 and 340kg N ha1. Net photosynthetic rate and whole-plant dry mass of C. japonica...
Abstract. Changes in the inclination of cambial fusiform cells producing wavy grain wood in spruce trunk tumours were investigated. The rate of changes of cell inclination depends on events such as intrusive growth between periclinal walls of cells of neighbouring files and unequal periclinal divisions. Intrusive growth of initial cell ends between radial walls does not affect the change in cell inclination...
Abstract. Three-year-old birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings were exposed, in the field, to supplemental levels of UV-B radiation. Control seedlings were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Enhanced UV-B radiation had no significant effects on height growth, and shoot and root biomass of...
Abstract. Light absorbance and reflectance were measured on representative shrubs of two dominant shrub species (Pistacia lentiscus and Juniperus phoenicea) of coastal Mediterranean macchia ecosystems in Sardinia (Italy). An array of 64 calibrated photodiodes was adopted for both calculations of leaf area index (LAI) and canopy transmittance of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). PAR and NIR reflectance...
Abstract. Variations in water status of secondary phloem of Picea abies (L.) Karst., caused by (1) radial and (2) vertical differences within the tree, (3) seasonal influences, and (4) tree class, and their relation to bark anatomy were investigated. The water status parameters measured were the osmotic potential at full saturation [o (sat)], the in situ osmotic potential [o (in situ)], the in situ...
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