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Trees are an integral part of human life, and a vital component of biodiversity. Forest trees in particular are renewable sources of food, fodder, fuel wood, timber and other valuable non-timber products. Due to the rapid growth of population and the human desire to progress, there has been a tremendous reduction in forest cover from the earths surface. To maintain and sustain forest vegetation, conventional...
The crop species Olea europaea L. (olive tree) is of great economic importance in the Mediterranean region. Hence, many efforts have been done in the last decades to propagate this commercially valuable species by in vitro methods. On the other hand, the lesser known Olea maderensis (Lowe) Rivas Mart. & Del Arco which is a native species of the Madeira Archipelago has only been the subject of...
The aim of this study was to improve the direct somatic embryogenesis and initiate embryogenic callus formation in camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora L.) on hormone-free medium. The influence of osmotic stress pretreatment of immature zygotic embryos (0.5 and 1.0 M solution of sucrose for 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h at 4 or 25°C) before cultured on hormone-free medium, on embryogenesis efficiency...
Embryogenic cell lines initiated from immature zygotic embryos of Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. Austriaca were characterized in terms of macromorphological traits (colour, bipolar structures formation, germination ability) and their embryogenic potential was defined as high, medium or null. Quantification of global genomic DNA methylation revealed the existence of specific DNA methylation levels for the determinated...
s Guava (Psidium guajava L.), an important fruit crop of several tropical and sub-tropical countries, is facing several agronomic and horticultural problems such as susceptibility to many pathogens, particularly guava wilting caused by Fusarium oxysporium psidii, low fruit growth, short shelf life of fruits, high seed content, and stress sensitivity. Conventional breeding techniques have limited scope...
The effects of the culture system used for embryo proliferation were investigated with the aim of improving multiplication rates and somatic embryo quality in two embryogenic lines of Quercus robur derived from mature trees (B-17 and Sainza). Embryo proliferation medium was defined following comparison of five different semi-solid media, and the highest multiplication rates (based on the total number...
Protocols have been established to clone adult cork oak trees by somatic embryogenesis using semisolid medium. However, for economically viable mass propagation, embryogenic cultures in liquid medium need to be developed. In this study, suspension cultures were initiated from embryo clusters obtained by secondary embryogenesis on a gelled medium lacking plant growth regulators. After 6 days of culture,...
Key messageThe developmental sequences of zygotic embryos of green ash collected from the same tree were widely asynchronous and an intermediate developmental stage was the best explant for inducing somatic embryogenesis. Abstract All North American ash (Fraxinus) species are under threat of extirpation from their native ranges by the emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis), an exotic...
Key messageHigher polyamine levels of fully developed embryos had positive effects on their ability to tolerate UV-B irradiation when compared with induced responses of early embryos. Abstract The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that the higher levels of polyamines (PAs) might be involved in the response of Norway spruce somatic embryos to UV-B irradiation...
Key messageCloning and functional analysis of CcBBM gene. Abstract Baby boom (BBM), as a transcription factor of AP2/ERF family, has great potence in promoting somatic embryogenesis. In this study, a BBM gene from somatic embryos of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora L.), named CcBBM, was cloned and characterized. A partial fragment of 560 bp of...
Key message This is the first report of (1) somatic embryogenesis in the hybrids ofPinus attenuatawithPinus radiatavar.cedrosensisand (2) use ofPinus radiatasomatic embryogenic tissue as nurse tissue to facilitate initiation from immature hybrid pine zygotic embryos. Abstract Embryogenic cell lines were successfully initiated from first generation reciprocal hybrids of Pinus radiata var. cedrosensis...
Key messageThere are tissues distributed throughout the plant that have a higher morphogenic capacity than others in the plant, and these could perhaps solve recalcitrance problems. Abstract For many conifer species, regeneration by organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis (SE) is still difficult and is often restricted to explants taken from juvenile donors. This review is based on the premise that...
Key message The results of this study indicate the roles of polyamines and phenylpropanoids in the prevention of oxidative damage provoked by UV-B treatment. Abstract Plants respond to UV-B exposure by synthesizing a broad range of secondary metabolites, including ROS-scavenging antioxidants and UV-B screening phenylpropanoids. Our recent results indicated that the accumulation of higher levels...
Key message This paper describes the micropropagation of Douglas-fir via somatic embryogenesis using media and methods available in the public domain. Abstract Douglas-fir is a conifer species with high and increasing interest for forest industries in both New Zealand and France. Delivery of the best trees to the forest from breeding programmes is currently constrained by an inability to effectively...
Key message This paper describes improvement in root growth of hybrid white pine somatic plants on a somatic embryo germination medium containing solely organic nitrogen sources. Abstract Mature somatic embryos of F2 hybrid Pinus strobus × Pinus wallichiana backcrossed with P. strobus converted to plants but survival of the somatic plants was not satisfactory prompting the present study on somatic...
Norway spruce is one of the most cultivated tree species in Nordic countries. However, intermittent shortages of improved seeds occur. As a powerful vegetative propagation technology, somatic embryogenesis (SE) could provide an alternative solution for this problem and also shorten the time required to obtain breeding gains. However, there are still large bottlenecks in SE, e.g. in the germination...
Key message This paper shows that germinating Norway spruce somatic embryos are dependent on the carbon and nitrogen supplied in the medium, and that supplied glutamine accounts for 50 % of assimilated nitrogen during germination. Abstract The female megagametophyte, which provides the zygotic embryo with nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and energy during germination, is not present in Norway spruce (Picea abies...
Key message A Gretchen Hagen 3-like gene, LaGH3 from hybrid larch (Larix leptolepis × Larix olgensis), was identified, and the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on its transcriptional levels and expression patterns during somatic embryogenesis were analyzed. Abstract A full-length cDNA sequence of a Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) gene was isolated from hybrid larch (Larix leptolepis...
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