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Acaulescent species of Streptocarpus Lindl. show unusual patterns of growth, characterized by anisocotyly (i.e. the unequal growth of cotyledons after germination) and lack of a conventional embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM). A SAM-like structure appears during post-embryonic development on the axis of the continuously growing cotyledon. Since we have shown previously that KNOX genes are involved...
The moss Physcomitrella patens (P. patens) is a useful model to study abiotic stress responses since it is highly tolerant to drought, salt and osmotic stress. However, very little is known about the defense mechanisms activated in this moss after pathogen assault. In this study, we show that P. patens activated multiple and similar responses against Pythium irregulare and Pythium debaryanum, including...
Hydraulic traits and hydraulic-related structural properties were examined in three deciduous (Hevea brasiliensis, Macaranga denticulate, and Bischofia javanica) and three evergreen (Drypetes indica, Aleurites moluccana, and Codiaeum variegatum) Euphorbiaceae tree species from a seasonally tropical forest in south-western China. Xylem water potential at 50% loss of stem hydraulic conductivity (P50...
A cell culture of Picea abies (L.) Karst. was used for studies of H2O2 generation during constitutive extracellular lignin formation and after elicitation by cell wall fragments of a pathogenic fungus, Heterobasidium parviporum. Stable, micromolar levels of H2O2 were present in the culture medium during lignin formation. Elicitation induced a burst of H2O2, peaking at ca. 90 min after elicitation...
Tiller number is highly regulated by controlling the formation of tiller bud and its subsequent outgrowth in response to endogenous and environmental signals. Here, we identified a rice mutant htd2 from one of the 15,000 transgenic rice lines, which is characterized by a high tillering and dwarf phenotype. Phenotypic analysis of the mutant showed that the mutation did not affect formation of tiller...
In order to characterize the functions of the sweetpotato SRF1 gene, which encodes a Dof zing finger transcriptional factor preferentially expressed in the storage roots, we isolated its full length cDNA and produced transgenic sweetpotato plants with altered SRF1 expression levels. The isolated cDNA of SRF1 encoded a polypeptide of 497 amino acids and was closely related to the cyclic Dof factors...
To study the mechanisms of exogenous NO contribution to alleviate the cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa), rice plantlets subjected to 0.2-mM CdCl2 exposure were treated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor), and Cd toxicity was evaluated by the decreases in plant length, biomass production and chlorophyll content. The results indicated that 0.1 mM SNP alleviated...
It has been suggested that LeFRK2, the major fructose-phosphorylating enzyme in tomato plants, may be required for stem xylem development. Yet, we do not know if this enzyme affects the development of individual vessels, whether it affects water conductance, or whether it affects phloem development and sugar transport. Here, we show that suppression of LeFRK2 results in a significant reduction in...
The bHLH transcription factors EGL3 (ENHANCER OF GLABRA3) and its close homologue GL3 (GLABRA3) are important regulators of the anthocyanin pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, and together with TTG1 (a WD40 repeat protein) and MYB transcription factors regulate specific genes in the pathway. In response to nitrogen depletion, the MYB genes PAP1/PAP2 (production of anthocyanin pigment 1/2) and GL3 are...
Branched-chain amino acid transaminases (BCATs) play a crucial role in the metabolic pathway of leucine, isoleucine and valine by catalyzing the last step of synthesis and/or the initial step of degradation of these amino acids. In this study, we characterized a new BCAT from Nicotiana benthamiana (NbBCAT, GeneBank accession No. EU194916), the deduced amino acid sequence of which exhibits a very high...
Ribonucleases (RNases) play a variety of cellular and biological roles in all three domains of life. In an attempt to perform RNA immuno-precipitation assays of Arabidopsis proteins, we found an EDTA-dependent RNase activity from Arabidopsis suspension tissue cultures. Further investigations proved that the EDTA-dependent RNase activity was plant specific. Characterization of the RNase activity indicated...
Tagetes patula L. (Marigold) hairy roots were selected among few hairy root cultures from other plants tested for the decolorization of Reactive Red 198. Hairy roots of Tagetes were able to remove dye concentrations up to 110 mg L−l and could be successively used at least for five consecutive decolorization cycles. The hairy roots of Tagetes decolorized six different dyes, viz. Golden Yellow HER,...
This study investigates mechanisms of multiple resistance to glyphosate, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in two Lolium rigidum populations from Australia. When treated with glyphosate, susceptible (S) plants accumulated 4- to 6-fold more shikimic acid than resistant (R) plants. The resistant plants did not have the known glyphosate resistance...
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is induced in vitro in Medicago truncatula 2HA by auxin and cytokinin but rarely in wild type Jemalong. The putative WUSCHEL (MtWUS), CLAVATA3 (MtCLV3) and the WUSCHEL-related homeobox gene WOX5 (MtWOX5) were investigated in M. truncatula (Mt) and identified by the similarity to Arabidopsis WUS, CLV3 and WOX5 in amino acid sequence, phylogeny and in planta and in vitro expression...
The proteome of mature (MP) and in vitro germinating pollen (GP) of canola (Brassica napus) were analyzed using the DIGE technology with the objective of identifying proteins and their function in pollen germination. Of the 2,238 protein spots detected in gel images, 344 were differentially expressed in MP and GP samples of which 165 were subjected to MALDI-TOF/TOF and 130 were successfully identified...
Aldehydes produced under various environmental stresses can cause cellular injury in plants, but their toxicology in photosynthesis has been scarcely investigated. We here evaluated their effects on photosynthetic reactions in chloroplasts isolated from Spinacia oleracea L. leaves. Aldehydes that are known to stem from lipid peroxides inactivated the CO2 photoreduction to various extents, while their...
Spatial regulation of C-function genes controlling reproductive organ identity in the centre of the flower can be achieved by adjusting the level of their expression within the genuine central expression domain in Antirrhinum and Petunia. Loss of this control in mutants is revealed by enhanced C-gene expression in the centre and by lateral expansion of the C-domain. In order to test whether the level...
Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to crown roots (CR), which are essential for maintaining normal growth and development in rice seedlings. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that plays a pivotal role in plant root organogenesis. Here, the effects of Cd on endogenous NO content and root growth conditions were studied in rice seedlings. Results showed that similar to the NO scavenger, cPTIO,...
MicroRNAs are small, non-protein-coding RNAs playing regulatory functions in many organisms. Using computational approaches 26 new Brachypodium distachyon miRNAs belonging to 19 miRNA families were identified in expressed sequence tags (EST) and genomic survey sequence databases. EST revealed that predicted miRNAs are expressed in B. distachyon. Detailed nucleotide analyses showed that pre-miRNAs...
Xylem differentiation in plants is under strict hormonal regulation. Auxins and cytokinins, together with brassinosteroids (BRs), appear to be the main hormones controlling vascular differentiation. In this report, we study the effect of these hormones on the basic peroxidase isoenzyme from Zinnia elegans (ZePrx), an enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Results showed that auxins and cytokinins...
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