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Abstract. All plants exhibit the property of cellular totipotency, whereby individual cells can regenerate into an entire organism. However little is known about the underlying mechanisms regulating totipotency. Using a preparative microtechnique, we report an 80-fold surge in the concentration of free auxin that is correlated with the initial stages of zygotic embryogenesis in carrots. The concentration...
Abstract. The PtNIP1;1 gene encodes an aquaglyceroporin that is expressed early in embryogenesis and appears to be expressed preferentially in the suspensor [V.T. Ciavatta et al. (2001) Plant Physiol 127:211224]. An 899-bp fragment 5 to the PtNIP1;1 open reading frame (NIP-899) was cloned from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genomic DNA and fused to the -glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. The resulting...
Approximately 5,000 plaques derived from a Brassica napus L. (canola) seed-cDNA library representing 15days after pollination (DAP) were differentially screened for highly expressed genes at the early stages of seed development. Analysis of 104 differentially expressed sequence tags revealed 54 unique genes, of which 33 had putative homologues described in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. or B. napus...
A novel WRKY-like transcription factor was isolated from a screen for weakly expressed mRNAs in ovules in the self-incompatible wild potato species Solanum chacoense Bitt. This protein, named ScWRKY1, consisted of 525 amino acids and can be classified as a WRKY group-I member, having two WRKY domains. It is expressed at low levels in stems, roots, and petals, and expressed at much higher levels in...
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb] Franco) metallothionein (PmMT) cDNA encodes a novel cysteine- and serine-rich MT, indicating a new subtype or prototype MT from which other plant MTs may have evolved. A genomic library of Douglas-fir was screened using MT cDNA probes, and genomic sequences that mediate tissue-specific, temporal as well as inducible expression of the embryo-specific MT-gene...
Pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPRPs) constitute one of the largest superfamilies in plants, with more than 440 identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh genome. While some PPRPs are known to take part in organelle gene expression, little is known about the broader biological contexts of PPRP gene function. Here, using developmental- and reverse-genetic approaches, we demonstrate that...
In many species, environmental stress reduces plant fertility. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a significant fraction of this reduction in plant fertility results from ovule abortion and embryo senescence. In this species, environmental conditions were identified that induced 94% of the developing ovules to either undergo stress-induced ovule abortion or embryo senescence (Sun et al. Plant Physiol 135:2358–2367,...
In higher eukaryotes, the condensin complex is a multisubunit apparatus that plays a pivotal role in the coordinated condensation of chromatin during mitosis. The catalytic subunits, CAP-E and CAP-C, members of the SMC family of ATPases, form a heterodimer, the activity of which is controlled by the non-SMC subunits CAP-D2, CAP-G and CAP-H. Here, we report the characterization of a T-DNA insertion...
In vitro fertilization (IVF) systems using isolated male and female gametes have been utilized to dissect fertilization-induced events in angiosperms, such as egg activation, zygote development and early embryogenesis, as the female gametophytes of plants are deeply embedded within ovaries. In this study, a rice IVF system was established to take advantage of the abundant resources stemming from rice...
Theobroma cacao L., an economically important crop for developing countries, can be experimentally propagated by somatic embryogenesis. Because of their potential roles in embryogenesis, a gene candidate strategy was initiated to find gene homologues of the members of the leafy cotyledon family of transcription factors. A homologue of the leafy cotyledon1-like gene, that encodes the HAP 3 subunit...
We report the existence of a tip-high reactive oxygen species (ROS) gradient in growing Fucus serratus zygotes, using both 5-(and 6-) chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein and nitroblue tetrazolium staining to report ROS generation. Suppression of the ROS gradient inhibits polarized zygotic growth; conversely, exogenous ROS generation can redirect zygotic polarization following inhibition...
Soybean SE60 belongs to the γ-thionin family of proteins. We recently demonstrated that SE60 plays a role in defense during soybean development. Here, we show that SE60 is expressed in a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated manner. The expression of SE60 is distinct from that of the glycinin (Gy2) and extensin (SbHRGP3) genes of soybean during embryogenesis and germination. A SE60::GUS(−809)...
The present study concerns three aspects of barley androgenesis: (1) the morphology and histology of the embryos during their development, (2) the time course of fluorescent symplasmic tracers’ distribution, and (3) the correlation between symplasmic communication and cell differentiation. The results indicate that barley embryos, which are developing via an androgenic pathway, resemble their zygotic...
Embryogenesis in higher plants is controlled by a complex gene network. Identification and characterization of genes essential for embryogenesis will provide insights into the early events in embryo development. In this study, a novel mutant with aborted seed development (asd) was identified in Arabidopsis. The asd mutant produced about 25% of albino seeds at the early stage of silique development...
Rice MKRN is a member of the makorin RING finger protein gene (MKRN) family, which encodes a protein with a characteristic array of zinc-finger motifs conserved in various eukaryotes. Using non-radioactive in situ hybridization, we investigated the spatio-temporal gene expression pattern of rice MKRN during embryogenesis, imbibition, seminal and lateral root development of Oryza sativa L. var. Nipponbare...
Arabidopsis cell growth defect factor-1 (Cdf1 in yeast, At5g23040) was originally isolated as a cell growth suppressor of yeast from genetic screening. To investigate the in vivo role of Cdf1 in plants, a T-DNA insertion line was analyzed. A homozygous T-DNA insertion mutant (cdf1/cdf1) was embryo lethal and showed arrested embryogenesis at the globular stage. The Cdf1 protein, when fused with green...
Main conclusionOur study demonstrated that symplasmic communication betweenSedum acreseed compartments and the embryo proper is not uniform.The presence of plasmodesmata (PD) constitutes the structural basis for information exchange between cells, and symplasmic communication is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and plant development. Most recent studies concerning an analysis of...
Main conclusion During maize somatic embryogenesis, suppression of phytoglobins (Pgbs) reduced ABA levels leading to ethylene-induced programmed cell death in the developing embryos. These effects modulate embryonic yield depending on the cellular localization of specific phytoglobin gene expression.Suppression of Zea mays phytoglobins (ZmPgb1.1 or ZmPgb1.2) during somatic embryogenesis induces programmed...
Main conclusion Mitogen-activated protein kinases seem to mark genes which are set up to be activated in daughter cells and thus they may play a direct role in cellular patterning during embryogenesis.Embryonic patterning starts very early and after the first division of zygote different genes are expressed in apical and basal cells. However, there is an ongoing debate about the way these different...
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