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The costs and benefits of microfinance. The market for Dutch East India Company transportbrieven in 18th-century Amsterdam(Summary)Contemporary institutions engaged in extending micro-loans do not usually grant such loans to the poor due to the latters’ inability to provide appropriate collateral and their insufficient creditworthiness. In modern times the Dutch East-India Company created a financial...
The Tax Policy of the Second Republic. An Outline(Summary)From the very outset, the Second Polish Republic’s tax policy was fraught with many problems, the elimination of which gave rise to a great number of difficulties, while the resultant tasks went far beyond the traditional understanding of the term. The need to unify the previously existing tax systems in pre-war Polish lands, the need to obtain...
“There are sick people everywhere – in cities, towns and villages”. The course of the Spanish flu epidemic in Poland(Summary)The 1918–20 epidemic of Spanish flu killed 50 to 100 million people throughout the world. As observed during its course, as well as later research, the pandemic came in waves and in several stages. The most lethal was the wave which struck in the autumn of 1918, coinciding with...
The Centrally Planned “Escape from the Peripheries”. A Comparison of the Economic Growth of Poland and Spain in the years 1950–1975(Summary)This aim of this article is to verify the opinion that by the mid-1970s the economic system of the People’s Republic of Poland (and other Central European countries) proved to be an effective tool for building economic growth. In order to do so the author carried...
Windmills in the Żuławy Region during the First Half of the Fifteenth Century(Summary)Studies on the living conditions of the rural population and the organisation of agriculture in the Middle Ages have a long tradition. Some of the issues examined include mills in the State of the Teutonic Order. Other publications consider the specific nature of the Żuławy region under the Teutonic Order and the...
The Fertility of the Population of the Second Polish Republic. Research using the Princeton European Fertility Project Indices(Summary)An analysis carried out of the fertility of Polish society in the interwar period uses the methodology of the European Fertility Project (EFP), which is based on data relating to the number of births and the population structure in a given period, thus making it possible...
Annuitants and Old Age Pensioners in the Polish Social Insurance System 1944–1958. Material Situation and Survival Strategies(Summary)Annuitants and old age pensioners comprised a social group whose numbers steadily increased in post-war Poland (from almost 187,000 people in 1945 to more than 800,000 in 1954), although Polish society was one of the most recent in Europe. The vast majority of people...
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