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Silicon waveguides are widely used as optical interconnects and they are particularly important for Si-photonics. Si-based devices, along with other optical elements, are entirely fabricated on the top surface of Si wafers. However, further integration of photonic and electronic devices in the same chip requires a new approach. One alternative is to utilize the bulk of the wafer for fabricating photonic...
Gas lasers such as the HeNe-laser at 633 nm or the Kr-laser at 647 nm are still widespread in use for applications that require visible, highly coherent radiation. Replacing the gas lasers with semiconductor lasers that provide a beam with similar output power, wavelength and coherence would significantly improve the degree of miniaturization and lead to an abundance of new fields of applications.
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