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In this paper, we present a novel architecture for an All-Digital FPGA-based Antenna Array RF Transmitter. The proposed method reduces the complexity inherent to the design of antenna arrays by removing external Digital-to-Analog Converters and external analog upconversion stages. With such a concept, the analog front-end complexity is highly reduced and, consequently, more radiating elements can...
The design and characterization of a 0.3–3 GHz SiGe cryogenic low noise amplifier is presented. The integrated-circuit amplifier was implemented in the ST BiCMOS9MW technology platform. At 16 K physical temperature, it achieves a gain greater than 22 dB, input and output return losses better than 10 dB, and an average noise temperature of 2.8 K over the 0.3–3 GHz frequency range. To the best of the...
A 4–8 GHz Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) cryogenic low-noise amplifier (LNA) was designed and implemented using the Global Foundries BiCMOS8HP process. The amplifier provides 30-dB and 26-dB of gain while dissipating 760 μW and 580 μW DC power, respectively. The noise temperature is approximately 8 K across the frequency band. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the lowest reported power to date...
Four ultra-low noise cryogenic MMIC LNAs suitable for the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) band 2 to 5 (0.95–13.8 GHz) have been designed, fabricated, packaged and tested. The LNAs are based on 4×50, 8×50 and 16×50 μm HEMTs, designed for stable cryogenic operation, allowing the combination of good noise performance and return loss. The lowest noise temperatures measured in the four bands were 1.0 K, 1...
We have investigated the cryogenic stability of two-finger InP HEMTs aimed for Ka-band ultra-low noise amplifiers (LNAs). Unlike two-finger transistors with a large gate-width above 2 χ 50 μm, the transistors with a small gate-width exhibit unstable cryogenic behavior. The instability is suppressed by adding a source air-bridge. The stabilizing effect of the air-bridge is demonstrated both on device...
In this paper we report ultra-low-noise amplifier modules and amplifier module chains for V-band (50–75 GHz). The amplifier chips were fabricated in Northrop Grumman Corporation's (NGC) 35-nm InP HEMT technology and packaged in WR15 waveguide housings utilizing alumina E-plane waveguide probes. The amplifier modules achieve 18 to 27 K noise temperatures from 50 to 75 GHz when cryogenically cooled...
A cryogenic low noise amplifier that operates across the E and W-bands, from 65 GHz to 116 GHz, has been developed using 0.1-μm InP HEMT technology. Such wideband performance makes this work suitable for the ALMA telescope where two of its bands, 67–90 GHz of Band 2 and 85–116 GHz of Band 3, can be combined into one. At an ambient temperature of 5.5 K, this W-band LNA demonstrates an average noise...
This work presents a liquid crystal (LC) based phase shifter in a dielectric waveguide (DW) topology consisting of core and cladding for the W-band. For continuous tunability, a part of the core material is replaced by liquid crystal. Furthermore, suggestions of materials for designing such a DW, i.e. for core and cladding, are given in this paper. In comparison to other topologies, the advantage...
This work presents an interference based W-band single-pole double-throw (SPDT) in rectangular waveguide and liquid crystal technology. In radiometers, this kind of SPDT can be used e.g. for switching to the calibration load for power calibration. The SPDT is designed with an E-plane power divider, two different paths for the phase shifting regions, being separated by 30 mm to provide enough space...
This paper presents an in-plane hollow waveguide crossover for W-band frequencies. This kind of crossover can be implemented e.g. into a Butler matrix, to simplify the fabrication process significantly. It is based on a partially dielectric filling of the waveguide, focussing the field in the center. The dielectric is placed in the center of a hollow waveguide crossing and has a star-shape. Inside...
This paper proposes a low loss and self-packaged patch coupler based on substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) platform. Due to the benefit of self-packaging, the radiation loss of the patch can be reduced to the minimum. By cutting out the substrate as much as possible while ensuring mechanical strength, the dielectric loss will be further reduced. By connecting the metal layers on both sides...
This paper presents an air-filled substrate integrated waveguide (AFSIW) filter post-process tuning technique. The emerging high-performance AFSIW technology is of high interest for the design of microwave and millimeter-wave substrate integrated systems based on low-cost multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) process. However, to comply with stringent specifications, especially for space, aeronautical...
With the proliferation of distributed sensors and Internet of Thing end-nodes, aggregate data transfer to the back-end servers in the cloud is expected to become prohibitively large which not only results in network congestion, but also high energy expenditure a the sensor nodes. This motivates in-sensor data analytics that can perform context-aware acquisition and processing of data; and transmit...
In this paper, we present a novel class of wearable antennas that are flexible, electronically tunable, and robust. They consist of conductive fabric parts, used as the radiator, with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer utilized to form the substrate as well as the full encapsulation of the radiator including its electronic tuning elements. To validate the concept, a prototype that provides frequency...
This paper presents a novel wearable complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) sensor for smart clothing to measure cardiorespiratory signs. The cardiorespiratory vital signs can be measured in the frequency and amplitude deviations of CSRR caused by the slight displacement from the chest. The heart signals can be extracted from the respiratory signals simultaneously by using a high sensitive CSRR...
Serpentine interconnects, made stretchable by patterning copper traces into serpentine mesh geometries, are attractive for applications in wearable electronics. This paper studies the suitability of these structures for wireless devices at microwave frequencies, where the sub-wavelength dimensions of the serpentine pattern contribute to changes in electrical length and propagation loss. The effects...
This paper presents a study of passive Dickson based envelope detectors operating in the quadratic small signal regime, specifically intended to be used in RF front end of sensing units of IoE sensor nodes. Critical parameters such as open-circuit voltage sensitivity (OCVS), charge time, input impedance, and output noise are studied and simplified circuit models are proposed to predict the behavior...
Key factors in the utility of small satellites are the responsiveness of orbiting space assets, the cost savings over larger, more durable satellites, and the potential benefit to the tactical user. As electronics and RF technologies become increasingly compact and more capable, small satellites offer many advantages over their larger counterparts from technology refresh rate and timely access for...
Recent advances in low-power millimeterwave low-noise amplifier technologies have enabled the hosting of highperformance atmospheric sounding instruments on very small satellites. Microwave instrumentation is particularly well suited for such implementations, as the sensor requirements for power, pointing, and spatial resolution (aperture size) can readily be accommodated by a nanosatellite platform...
Historically, satellites have been built with large budgets and expensive, bespoke, “rad-hard” technology. For typical low Earth orbit missions, however, designers can now leverage commercial components to reduce cost and development time. Commercial processors provide these satellites with computational horsepower comparable to terrestrial desktop systems … which leads to the temptation of terrestrial...
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