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The conceptual entity that metrologists term the measurand is a model selected to represent the physical entity being measured. In a world of digital measurements, it should be defined first mathematically, and only then put into words. Human linguistic processes lack the precision required when all we do is use labels. In this paper, reactive power and frequency are used as examples. The act of measurement...
The accuracy of the measurements provided by a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), such as phasor amplitude and phase angle, frequency and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), can be very high. Nevertheless, other factors should be considered for a proper employment of the measurement devices. In particular, sufficiently low reporting latency should be guaranteed, to ensure that the PMU measurements are...
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