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Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) represent a new paradigm of future intelligent systems. They consist of loosely coupled subsystems which interact with mechanisms of Service-oriented Architecture (SoA). In this paper we try to open a new topic in industrial communications. This topic is focused on basic communication patterns within CPSs. Patterns are abstract and generic solutions for common problems...
A frequently denominated use case of Industrie 4.0 is plug-and-work. This use case not only requires the technical base to determine how and what information has to be exchanged during the startup of software and hardware components in the production environment, but also deals with very sensitive information which results in a high demand to secure these. In consequence, plug-and-work mechanisms...
Nowadays, smart metering and energy management installations are becoming essential part of building automation systems (BASs). Field level integration in these kind of installations could provide new features in buildings energy monitoring and improve control quality in BASs. In this context an interoperability of BAS devices is very important. It could be achieved with standardized functional profiles...
In today's marketplace machine producers are shipping their systems all around the world. Maintenance costs are becoming ever greater due to travel costs for sending service personnel to wherever the machines are installed to solve a particular problem. In the majority of cases, a technician solves the problem quickly, so that the travel overhead becomes a large part of the repair cost. This makes...
This paper describes an energy trading model for efficient energy saving and management services. The energy consumers and suppliers in smart factories can trade their energy using the proposed model. First, the market participants register their information and select the roles of the energy suppliers or the consumers. They can change the roles depending on the situation. And the energy suppliers...
Data centers have grown to become big energy cconsumers. At this scale of power consumption, data centers play cconsiderable role in electric networks operation. However, being ca relatively new industrial scale consumer, data center requires cmore careful consideration and research to uncover its specifics cand better understand its requirements; and investigate data ccenter's impact on regional...
As a standardized communication protocol, OPC UA is the main focal point with regard to information exchange in the ongoing initiative Industrie 4.0. But there are also considerations to use it within the Internet of Things. The fact that currently no open reference implementation can be used in research for free represents a major problem in this context. The authors have the opinion that open source...
Cooling is an extremely important process in modern data centers. Cooling systems of server rooms ensure appropriate operation conditions to IT systems, such as servers and data storage, but, on the other side, they consume a lot of energy. Current control systems, which are installed in data centers and are responsible for thermal management of the facilities, are following conservative control strategies...
Nowadays, Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) are employed to monitor and control safety-critical industrial processes. A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is an ICS to perform centralized monitoring and also to control field sites in long-distance communication networks. A SCADA is a distributed system composed of several Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and a Master Terminal Unit...
OPC UA (IEC 62541) has proven to be a very rich and versatile technology, not least of which we find with the release of the Field Device Integration standard, FDI, in 2014 [16]. However, when introducing such a standard within products or systems on a broad scale, also economic questions on development effort and footprint must be answered. Ideally, we wish technology to be versatile, time-efficient...
Mixed-criticality systems emerged with the aim of reconciling safety requirements and efficient use of multi-processor or uniprocessor platforms. On multi-processors, recent works on mixed-criticality have produced impressive results in terms of speed-up factor. But these solutions, based on Pfair-like scheduling algorithms, entail too many preemptions and migrations to be effectively used in real...
IEC 61850 has been recognised as one of the fundamental components for reference Smart Grid architectures. IEC 61850 engineering process is based on engineering tools for configuration of substation automation systems. Issues about interoperability of the configuration process are not manageable with current IEC 61850 SCL-based engineering capabilities and require an alternative approach that is capable...
In 2011 Ericsson and Cisco estimated 50 billion Internet connected devices by 2020, encouraged by this industry is developing application frameworks to scale the Internet of Things. This paper presents a survey of commercial frameworks and platforms designed for developing and running Internet of Things applications. The survey covers frameworks supported by big players in the software and electronics...
The IoT research area has evolved to incorporate a plethora of messaging protocol standards, both existing and new, emerging as preferred communications means. The variety of protocols and technologies enable IoT to be used in many application scenarios. However, the use of incompatible communication protocols also creates vertical silos and reduces interoperability between vendors and technology...
The Field Device Integration (FDI) standard represents an industry-wide consensus on device integration for the process industry. Following the release of IEC 62769, first products have been released at Hannover Fair 2015. Backward-compatibility, interoperability between vendors, and vertical integration based on OPC UA ensure protection of investment and lower life-cycle costs already in today's...
For resource-constrained embedded real-time systems, resource-efficient approaches are very important. Such an approach is presented in this paper, targeting systems where a critical application is partitioned on a multi-core platform and the remaining capacity on each core is provided to a noncritical application using resource reservation techniques. To exploit the potential parallelism of the non-critical...
The Multi-Resource Server (MRS) technique has been proposed to enable predictable execution of memory intensive real-time applications on COTS multi-core platforms. It uses resource reservation approaches in the context of CPU-bandwidth and memory-bus bandwidth reservations to bound the interference between the applications running on the same core as well as between the applications running on different...
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