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Nowadays, it is well recognized that flexibility, modularity and reconfigurability are the main challenges in the design of manufacturing systems. Automated warehouse systems play a key role in such systems and are currently controlled using hierarchical and centralized control architectures and conventional automation programming techniques. In this paper, we present preliminary results in developing...
Many Factory Automation Systems (FASs) are been increasingly required to provide 24/7 in-service operation. This demands increasingly-higher levels of autonomy, and makes FAS control architectures include extra regulating capabilities in order to deal with long-term but also non-stop operations. Continuous assurance of effectively-coordinated adaptation to unpredictable internal and external changes...
In nowadays Smart Grids, economic optimizations performed by Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) may interfere with stable grid operation required by Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Since Smart Grids and VPPs are important building blocks of future energy systems, bridging the gap between economic optimization performed by VPPs and stable grid operation required by DSOs is an important task. In this...
The IEC 61499 standard provides an executable model for distributed control systems in terms of interacting function blocks. However, the current IEC 61499 standard lacks appropriate timing semantics for the specification of timing requirements, reasoning on timing properties at the model level, and for the timing verification of a specific deployment.
As a standardized communication protocol, OPC UA is the main focal point with regard to information exchange in the ongoing initiative Industrie 4.0. But there are also considerations to use it within the Internet of Things. The fact that currently no open reference implementation can be used in research for free represents a major problem in this context. The authors have the opinion that open source...
This paper presents a novel Model-Based Design (MBD) approach and associated tool-chain for the Time-Triggered Real-time Embedded (TTRE)1 systems. Our tool-chain automatically synthesizes software for manufacturing TTRE systems. A Software-In-the-Loop Simulation (SILS) framework integrated into our tool-chain helps to reduce the design iterations. Using a manufacturing robot-arm use-case, we validate...
This paper presents an approach for exploiting multicore hardware architectures on coding level for the IEC 61131-3. An interface between the IEC 61131-3 code and software of a different programming language outsources the actual parallel workload. For validation purpose, an embedded multicore hardware is used as a controlling device, which executes software for the use case of model based condition...
In the development of PLC software for automated Production Systems the method copy & paste is commonly used. However, this method leads to various disadvantages. To avoid these disadvantages, a parameter-based concept for planed reuse is presented in this paper. By means of the Siemens PLC software of an automated warehouse, the concept is defined and evaluated. In a first step, the PLC software...
OPC UA (IEC 62541) has proven to be a very rich and versatile technology, not least of which we find with the release of the Field Device Integration standard, FDI, in 2014 [16]. However, when introducing such a standard within products or systems on a broad scale, also economic questions on development effort and footprint must be answered. Ideally, we wish technology to be versatile, time-efficient...
The IEC 61449 standard provides an outset for designing and deploying distributed control systems. Recently, a mapping from IEC 61499 to the RTFM-kernel API has been presented. This allows predictable real-time execution of IEC 61499 applications on light-weight single-core platforms. However, integrating the RTFM-kernel (bare-metal runtime) into potential deployments requires developing device drivers,...
Due to high time pressure and rising complexity in industrial automation, “new programming methodologies are necessary in order to increase software quality and reuse” [1]. The object-oriented extension of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61131-3 standard is one of those new methodologies and one benefit of object-oriented programming in general, is more efficient reuse of code...
Cyber-attacks against Smart Grids have been found in the real world. Malware such as Havex and BlackEnergy have been found targeting industrial control systems (ICS) and researchers have shown that cyber-attacks can exploit vulnerabilities in widely used Smart Grid communication standards. This paper addresses a deep investigation of attacks against the manufacturing message specification of IEC 61850,...
IEC 61850 has been recognised as one of the fundamental components for reference Smart Grid architectures. IEC 61850 engineering process is based on engineering tools for configuration of substation automation systems. Issues about interoperability of the configuration process are not manageable with current IEC 61850 SCL-based engineering capabilities and require an alternative approach that is capable...
We present work on extending IEC 61499 with behavioral types-based specifications. Identifying components and establishing interface specifications is already a key concept of IEC 61499. Components and their interfaces are a well established concept facilitating the development, maintenance, and refactoring of software systems. Behavioral types further extend the expressiveness of interface specifications...
The quality of the software has an increasing impact on the performance, operation and ultimately the cost of industrial automation systems. Software metrics are necessary to assess the quality and to identify modules that impact cost of testing and maintenance. There is a number of software metrics available within a software engineering domain. However, there is a gap when it comes to evaluating...
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