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The current economical situation has forced European industries to increase their competitiveness regarding production system flexibility. One of the key initiatives within this research and development process is the german “Industrie 4.0” initiative aiming on increasing flexibility and improving vertical and horizontal integration. One key element of this initiative is the “Industrie 4.0 component”,...
With the growing ubiquity of Internet of Things (IoT), myriads of smart devices connect and share important information over the internet. In order to provide connectivity and interoperability of all the existing heterogeneous wireless devices, a full communication stack is proposed by the IoT Architecture Reference Model (IoT-ARM). From the sensor to the cloud, the proposed stack can be implemented...
This paper presents a method for automatic test case generation for PLC software following the IEC61131-3 standard. The core component is a model checker that iteratively creates program traces, each of them covering a part of the program in terms of a coverage metric. These test cases are translated into Structured Text, a programming languages defined in the IEC61131-3, to allow the execution on...
Migration to multicore is inevitable. To harness the potential of this technology, embedded system designers need to have available operating systems (OSes) with built-in capabilities for multicore hardware. When designed to meet real-time requirements, multicore SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing) OSes not only face the inherent problem of concurrent access to shared kernel resources, but still suffer...
Multithreading is a key feature for dealing with the complexity of current generation embedded devices. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOSes) provide a higher level of abstraction that alleviates design complexity and time-to-market pressure, inducing, however, undesired latencies and unpredictable execution times. Research works have been focusing on improving performance, determinism or agnosticism,...
Automated production systems are usually driven by Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). These systems are long-living and have high requirements for software quality to avoid downtimes, damaged product and harm to personnel. While commissioning multiple systems of similar type, pragmatic adjustments of the software are often necessary, which results in two or more similar variants of initially identical...
Message-based Networks-on-a-Chip (NoC) provide significant advantages with respect to temporal predictability, fault isolation and energy efficiency. However, the AUTOSAR standard for multi-core operating systems focuses only on multi-core platforms with shared memories. In order to obtain the benefits of message-based interactions, this paper maps an AUTOSAR system to a multi-core platform with a...
ABB Medium Voltage (MV) drives offer flexible and reliable modular design for single as well as multi motor applications with power range from 3 to 36 MW. In order to validate the complex converter topologies and control methodologies of MV drives, a powerful multi core real time simulator is used for Hardware in Loop (HiL) testing. The Medium Voltage Drive Hardware-in-Loop (MVDHiL) system is preferred...
Industrie 4.0 requires intelligent self-aware adaptive machines and plants that know their abilities. In this paper, we propose different qualitative and quantitative measures to evaluate reconfiguration abilities of automated production systems in the context of Industrie 4.0. This paper presents first measures to quantify different reconfiguration abilities of automated production systems, using...
This paper presents an approach for exploiting multicore hardware architectures on coding level for the IEC 61131-3. An interface between the IEC 61131-3 code and software of a different programming language outsources the actual parallel workload. For validation purpose, an embedded multicore hardware is used as a controlling device, which executes software for the use case of model based condition...
Nowadays, Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) are employed to monitor and control safety-critical industrial processes. A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is an ICS to perform centralized monitoring and also to control field sites in long-distance communication networks. A SCADA is a distributed system composed of several Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and a Master Terminal Unit...
Industry 4.0 is a reality through the use of intelligent networks capable of gathering and analyzing data and acting on it autonomously. However, important advancements can be made when reconfigurable hardware comes into play. This work presents current trends used in the development of digital circuits, then enumerates a series of challenges faced in the Cyber-Physical Systems environment and, lastly,...
We propose a communication architecture for EtherCAT master motivated by the technological progress in IT systems and Industrial Ethernet in control systems. In the proposed method, a dedicated hardware named the EtherCAT accelerator offers virtualized real-time and IT communication channels by operating automatic control frame generation, time synchronization protocol, and transmission scheduling...
Real-time embedded programs are time sensitive and, to trace such programs, the instrumentation mechanism must honor the programs' timing constraints. We present a time-aware instrumentation technique that injects program code with slack-based conditional instrumentation. The central idea is to execute instrumentation code only when its execution does not increase the worst-case execution time beyond...
Industry 4.0 compliant Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) rely on a modular structure of applications. However, there is a lack of efficient methods to identify the performance limits of MAS, such as response time or system throughput. This methodological gap complicates the design of commercial MAS with strict performance requirements. This paper (i) proposes a method for automatic compilation of performance...
Software-defined networking (SDN) is a principle for the flexible configuration of networks, which recently has aroused an increasing interest of researchers and companies. Today, the operation and configuration of networks as well as their adaptation to changing requirements represent a major challenge if legacy network management protocols are used due to their inability to provide network-wide...
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