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The need for improved utilization of existing system assets and energy sources, as well as the smooth incorporation of new technologies (such as electric vehicles) into the grid, has prompted the participation of small power consumers and generators in the energy markets. A problem of such scale however cannot be managed in a centralized manner in its full detail. This paper examines the idea of a...
For a successful rollout of electric vehicles (EVs), it is required to establish an adequate charging infrastructure. The adequate access to such infrastructure would help to mitigate concerns associated with limited EV range and long charging times. Battery swapping stations are poised as effective means of eliminating the long waiting times associated with charging the EV batteries. These stations...
This paper presents a novel modeling framework for the analysis of Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) charging in unbalanced, residential, distribution systems. A Smart Distribution Power Flow (SDPF) framework is proposed to determine the controlled or smart charging schedules and hence address the shortcomings of uncontrolled charging. The effect of peak-demand constraint imposed by the Local Distribution...
In this paper, we study the price competition among electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) with renewable power generators (RPGs). As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, a competition among EVCSs to attract EVs is inevitable. Thereby, each EVCS sets its electricity price to maximize its revenue by taking into account the competition with neighboring EVCSs. We analyze the competitive interactions...
The use of wind energy sources for supplying electric vehicle (EV) loads is a challenge for electricity market operators due to their inherent uncertainty in the current market architecture. Coordinated energy exchange between EV load aggregators and wind generating companies (WGenCOs) can potentially increase the competitiveness of WGenCOs and EV-load customers in the energy market. This paper proposes...
This study investigates the impacts of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) on end-service local distribution feeders. The results show that the PEV charging depresses the feeder voltages significantly and increase the feeder power losses up to 16.7 times. The voltage stress is more profound at the end of the feeder or at the point where many PEV are connected. The most noticeable impact of the PEV is...
This paper aims to develop a management method considering load demand for electric vehicle charging. The method developed by means of modeling a stochastic distribution of charging and a demand dispatch calculation. Optimization processes have proposed to determine optimal demand shifting so that charging costs and demands can possibly be managed. The time of use electricity rate has been put into...
This work is part of a project that aims to demonstrate the concept of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) with an operational fleet. A fleet of electric vehicles is operated with the objective of providing regulation services to the grid. The focus of this paper is on the real-time operation of the fleet. Specifically, given an optimal trajectory for the vehicle state of charge, schemes for distributing the regulation...
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) service is being considered as a new value proposition for Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV). V2G service can be provided using unidirectional or bidirectional power flow and the control may be centralized or autonomous. V2G may be able to provide load following, balancing, or frequency regulation services which in the energy markets are described as one or a combination of regulation...
The prospects of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in providing clean transportation and supporting renewable electricity is widely discussed in sustainable energy forums worldwide. The battery storage of EVs could be used to address the variability and unpredictability of electricity produced from renewable energy sources like wind in power systems. The EV batteries could be used to charge during periods of...
Different batteries have been evaluated to check their capability in Electric vehicles. This paper performs evaluation on 30 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate battery cells from Gold Peak. Different tests (charge- discharge cycle, fast charging test, realistic load test) were done on the battery cells. The tests were done at ±0.0°C, +20.0°C, +40.0°C. Current, voltage, and temperature were recorded throughout...
Enactment of stringent climate protection directives and policies for renewable energy as well as electric vehicle integration is expected to place considerable strain on system frequency stability. Decreasing share of conventional power plants and consequently the loss of readily controllable power generation, makes controlled charging of electric vehicles an attractive option for the Transmission...
This paper presents a dynamic simulation tool for examining the future impact of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) on residential sector power demand. First, the modeling approach used during the development of this tool is described. Markov chain based occupant behavior models developed using data gathered by the U.S. Census Bureau in the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) are used in conjunction with...
There are many uncertainties associated with forecasting electric vehicle charging and discharging capacity due to the stochastic nature of human behavior surrounding usage and intermittent travel patterns. This uncertainty if unmanaged has the potential to radically change traditional load profiles. Therefore optimal capacity forecasting methods are important for large-scale electric vehicle integration...
This paper presents a framework and methodology to estimate the possible states of Electric Vehicles (EVs) regarding their location and periods of connection in the grid. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is implemented to estimate the probability of occurrence of these states. The framework assumes the availability of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) technology and previous data records...
The advent of electric vehicles (EVs) will bring forth large increases to the pre-existing demand in the power grid. Adverse impacts to the system will arise if the charging of these EVs is uncontrolled. In order to mitigate this challenge, as a first step the estimation of the additional power due to EV charging is crucial. The estimation is dependent upon the temporal (i.e. time) and spatial (i...
As the electric vehicle (EV) is becoming a significant component of the loads, an accurate and valid model for the EV charging demand is the key to enable accurate load forecasting, demand respond, system planning, and several other important applications. We propose a data driven queuing model for residential EV charging demand by performing big data analytics on smart meter measurements. The data...
The increasing penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has encouraged solutions for facilitating their utilization. In this regard, PEV parking lots (PLs) have proved to be essential for future systems with high amounts of PEVs. However, operating a PL in order to maximize its profit while enforcing its own constraints generates conflicts between the PL and the distribution system operator...
The possibility of large-scale deployment of Electric Vehicles raises significant issues for electric utilities. It is recognized that for drivers EVs save money, reduce emissions, and increase energy independence and fun to drive. Certainly, EVs can create benefits for utilities if their integration is properly done. This paper presents an extensive study on the impacts of EVs on the distribution...
Electric vehicles (EVs) are commonly recognized as smart grid assets in addition to their environmental benefits. However, uncoordinated charging or sole cost minimization based charging of electric vehicles may bring undesirable peak demands and voltage violations in the distribution system. This paper applies the transactive control concept to integrate electric vehicles into the power distribution...
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