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Untransposed transmission lines, unbalanced tap changer operations, and unbalanced loading in weak distribution lines can cause unbalanced-voltage conditions. The resulting unbalanced voltage at the point of interconnection affects proper gird integration and reduces the lifetime of wind turbines due to power oscillations, torque pulsations, mechanical stresses, energy losses, and uneven and overheating...
Modern wind turbines operate with variable speed and most of them are based on doubly fed induction generators (DFIG), with a back-to-back power converter. During voltage dips, the stator terminals can cause overcurrents in the rotor windings, which could threaten the converter integrity. The use of crowbar systems is the most common technique to avoid this situation. The crowbar activation disables...
This paper presents an innovative DFIG which has autonomous frequency control for stand-alone operation. When the wind farm is islanded, such DFIGs synchronize to form a reliable wind farm frequency source which does not collapse when member DFIGs fail. The frequency enables frequency droop control to be implemented for load sharing. The wind farm can provide fast reserve, ready to support a weakened...
As the wind power penetration level increases, the inertial response of a wind power plant (WPP) is important to the grid under load and generation imbalance. In this paper, we present coordinated WPP control for frequency support under wake effects. By de-loading the power from a WPP, the inertial response can be obtained from the kinetic energy of wind turbine rotors. The coordinated WPP control...
Wind turbines play an important role in producing clean energy and reducing pollution, but they can fail during the operation due to various types of faults and environment uncertainties. Therefore, one of the key problems in wind energy systems is the resilient control to achieve their high reliability. To reach this goal, we first design a resilient controller by incorporating faults into the wind...
This paper analyzes the response of conventional protection schemes (Line current Differential and Mho Distance elements) and the supervisory elements associated with those protective elements in commercial relays for Type 3 (Doubly Fed Induction Generator based) grid integrated wind farms. The response of line protection elements and their supervisory elements are analyzed using real time by hardware-in-the-loop...
In this paper we design a cooperative control scheme for a wind Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) with an integrated energy storage. The proposed control scheme can enable the wind generator to provide new advanced capabilities and support to the grid. More specifically, we design a controller for the rotor side converter (RSC) that guarantees maximum power point tracking (MPPT) while the controller...
Impedance-based small signal analysis is a useful tool to examine resonance between type-III wind turbines and the grid, but no accurate and complete model of the turbine has been presented for the frequency range that covers from a few Hz to a few kHz. Existing models either ignore the effects of the converters or do not model such effects correctly. This paper presents positive- and negative-sequence...
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