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Phasor measurement units have been installed on the power systems for grasping system static and dynamic behavior over wide area. Synchrophasor brings effective information of the power system disturbances such as the sudden supply and demand imbalance of the system. However, huge amount of synchrophasor data over the wide area power systems requires some techniques to extract the disturbances. In...
A Smart Transformers (ST) is an automated transformer based on the latest power electronics and communication technologies. It aims not only at replacing the traditional transformer, but at providing also ancillary services to the grid, thanks to the greater flexibility offered by power electronics. However, in the case of grid overload caused by high load demand or high production from renewable...
Future power systems will be characterized by the massive deployment of high power converters for so many applications (e.g. FACTS, HVDC, energy storage systems, etc.). These devices imposes new challenges on the operation and control of power systems, especially in terms of frequency support. Power converters tend to naturally decouple the new power production units from the AC power grid, disabling...
Deviation of power frequency can greatly impact power system reliability, power quality and economic efficiency. This paper proposes the frequency control of energy storage system based on hierarchical cluster structure. A central agent named by power management system (PMS) contracts with utility for providing the frequency regulation. The agent also manages the whole cluster structure and balances...
A Smart Transformer (ST) is a power electronics-based transformer that aims not only to substitute the traditional transformer but to upgrade also the LV and MV grid. In order to limit the costs, the ST must be carefully designed, constraining the current carried by the ST. In this paper a Combined Frequency and Voltage Controller is proposed, in order to manage a possible overload without derating...
The unstable output of renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines or photovoltaics, causes various issues in power system operation. With a large number of renewable energy sources, it is well known that the supply and demand balance control becomes a difficult issue. In addition, together with the progress of the electric power deregulation, the power flow problem will be more complex and important...
This paper discusses the use of primary frequency response metrics to assess the dynamics of frequency disturbance data with the presence of high system non synchronous penetration (SNSP) and system inertia variation. The Irish power system has been chosen as a study case as it experiences a significant level of SNSP from wind turbine generation and imported active power from HVDC interconnectors...
This paper compares the performance of different droop-based control techniques in an islanded microgrid that operates solely on electronically interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs). Specifically, the following techniques are compared: conventional droop-based control including a full pulse width modulating (PWM)-based voltage source converter (VSC) with power, voltage and current controls;...
The opening of the market for control reserve for new technologies enables the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into this market and to generate potential revenue for the car owner. The intent of this paper is to investigate the impact of EVs and their additional bids on the German market for control reserve. This paper investigates the influence of the variation of bids in context of cost and...
Efficiency and sustainability considerations have propelled changes in power and process industries. These changes, which include the increased electrification of process industries, are causing concerns about the reliability of future electricity supplies, and therefore motivate the need for a Smart Grid on an industrial scale. This paper presents a method by which process automation engineers can...
The impact of offshore wind power and conventional generation outages on the dynamic performance of multi terminal DC interfaced AC systems is ascertained in this paper. In addition, the paper addresses the share of primary frequency reserves as well as synthetic inertia response between MTDC connected AC systems focusing on the interactions between the direct voltage control loop and the dedicated...
This paper proposes an optimal control strategy for participation of wind farms (WFs) in primary frequency control. In this strategy, we exploit wake interaction in a WF to maximise the total kinetic energy (KE) of the wind turbines' (WTs') rotating masses in the WF, and optimally deploy this KE after a frequency event to reduce the frequency nadir, by controlling the rate of change of the rotor speed...
This paper investigates different control implementations for the frequency-response coupling between synchronous areas that feature a decentralized load-frequency control structure. The technical basics are presented, along with a 2-area benchmark system implemented in SIMULINK. Two new concepts are applied: Frequency-response delivery and frequency netting. The results show that both concepts are...
This paper presents a new methodology to improve the frequency stability of power system with the large integration of distributed energy resources. Distributed energy resources don't contribute to the inertial response of the system as they are decoupled from the grid by the converters. The capability of the distributed energy resources especially (PV and Wind) to provide active power support in...
This paper deals with a novel way to provide dynamic frequency support to isolated power systems by a fast control of the load through the grid voltage. Following the promising results of a preliminary analysis based on dynamic simulations, a field test was carried out in the archipelago of Guadeloupe at the beginning of 2014. It confirmed that the proposed control can significantly improve the transient...
Distributed secondary control strategies have been recently studied for frequency regulation in droop-based AC Microgrids. Unlike centralized secondary control, the distributed one might fail to provide frequency synchronization and proportional active power sharing simultaneously, due to having different control parameters. This paper introduces a cooperative algorithm that regulates the system frequency...
This paper compares different control strategies which facilitate the exchange of frequency response between AC power systems connected by a meshed three-terminal offshore HVDC grid. The paper discusses the influence of such additional control loops on both the HVDC grid direct voltage response as well as on the AC systems frequency stability using instantaneous value average dynamic models. The control...
Recent studies have discussed the operational challenges in the European power system which come along with the increasing penetration of intermittent generation in the coming years. Based on time sequential Monte Carlo simulations, this paper investigates to what extent a decentralized frequency control structure is appropriate with respect to three European scenarios. To evaluate the future adequacy...
In this contribution, an own developed simulation model is presented that analyzes the performance of storages with limited capacity providing Primary Control Reserve. It is shown that the combination of an industrial plant with an energy storage is one possibility for a reliable frequency regulation. In this regard, the performance of a large-scale battery storage system is compared to a flywheel...
MTDC systems are required to be reliable, and in certain cases, should participate in the AC grids frequency regulation. This can be achieved by providing AC/DC converters with a dual controller combining both the voltage-droop and the frequency-droop control techniques. In this paper, the coupling between the two droops is theoretically investigated and quantified for both a DC side fault and an...
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