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An estimation method of the n-port S-parameters for reciprocal circuits is presented. In this method, several known loads are connected to one port in turn and reflection and transmission characteristics among the remaining ports are measured. Therefore, there is no need to connect a network analyzer to the port that is connected to the known loads. S-parameters are obtained by solving a linear least-squares...
Insulated terrestrial power networks are used for reliable systems such as large production plants, hospital operating rooms and naval ships. The system is isolated from ground and a first fault, such as a short circuit between a phase and ground, will not result in disconnection of the power via residential current devices. The power system does however have to be monitored to measure the fault and...
This paper presents the conducted emission-simulation of an industrial high power current source (HPCS). The simulated circuit topology is based on a pseudo-resonant inverter, which operates in a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) mode. As a trade-off between calculation effort and accuracy an adapted macro model for the IGBT modules has been used. The simulated time domain noise voltage is transferred...
This paper considers an increasing problem in the consumer end of the electrical grid. The ongoing change from constant impedance loads towards constant power characteristics in new household electrical appliances may affect the network voltage stability. Can the smart grid development disarm this potential threat? This work points out an important target for load modeling in network simulation.
Field-immunity scanning with small field probes closely above printed-circuit boards allows localizing sensitive circuit areas with high resolution. For quantifying the sensitivity level and to assure repeatable results a suitable calibration method is presented. In contrast to recent approaches based on the forward power supplied to the probe, this paper presents an accurate method using a mini-TEM...
Field and cable scan methods can be an alternative for antenna measurements in anechoic chambers. Space, cost efficiency and more accurate information about the system under test are the most important benefits. Using scan methods source distribution can be obtained and simulation models can be built. To find the relation between a field scan based radiation model, giving the electromagnetic field...
In this paper, a practical approach for modeling the conducted EMI in both time and frequency-domains has been presented. The model is based on equivalent sources that take into account both common-mode and differential-mode noises. The proof of concept has been validated, using PSPICE, on a typical 12V DC-DC converter through simulation and experimentation. Promising and encouraging results have...
The operating voltages of low-voltage control circuits in power stations and substations have become lower with the installation of digital control equipment. This significantly increases the risk of faults and malfunctions of the circuits resulting from overvoltages in the control circuits due to lightning and switching surges. Therefore, the characterization of such overvoltages is required to protect...
Recently, lightning has caused considerable damage to telecommunications equipment that has multiple ports, such as home gateways. Lightning surges have also damaged other equipment installed further along a building's communications flow direction, that is into analog telecommunication lines or power lines and then via optical telecommunications equipment through LAN cables, as well as equipment...
The issue of intelligent electric power industry, in particular Smart Grid, has become a strategic priority of energy policy of the world's leading countries. Analysis of documents determining the prospects for the electric power industry of developed and developing countries for 20 years ahead and further shows that the application of Smart Grid technologies is considered as a means of solving a...
The key to designing power distribution network (PDN) is to obtain correct current drawn by integrated circuits (IC). This paper suggests an exact IC current extraction method using a measured voltage of a board and new transfer function which reflects the effects of the scope's noise. Voltage waveform is measured at the location where the closest decoupling capacitor from an IC would be removed in...
Filter networks consisting of a Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor (MLCC) and maybe a resistor are commonly used as off-chip ESD-protection. It is generally known that MLCCs lose their capacitance at higher voltages. Additionally, repeated exposure to ESD can cause irreversible parameter shifts or physical damage to MLCC. The consequences of these effects may cause insufficient ESD robustness or — more...
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