The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser.
This paper outlines the administrative obligations contained in the European EMC Directive, 2004/108/EC, with particular reference to the Declaration of Conformity (DoC). It considers the mounting evidence, including that resulting from European market surveillance campaigns, that insufficient attention is paid to ensuring that the supporting documentation is not only in place, but also up to date...
Large installations use different shielded, or EMC, zones to separate regions, such as in the integrated mast onboard naval vessels. Multiple cable transits are being used as a standard decoupling measure between the zones. Cables shields are connected in the cable transits with the objective to short-circuit cable sheath currents to the wall. Measurements have been performed to check the quality...
This paper presents new quantitative EMC (ElectroMagnetic Compatibility) design guidelines at board, cable and enclosure level to reduce radiated emission in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 6 GHz. These new design insights are the outcome of extensive 3D electromagnetic simulations on a general modelling framework for electrical architectures. They can be used during the early phases of system...
We present in this paper an overview of conducted and radiated sources that could be considered as potential intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) sources against critical infrastructures associated with power systems. The sources are classified according to the commonly addressed criteria in IEMI. In addition, to assess their potential risk, reported IEMI sources are classified according...
The effect of Electric Fast Transients (EFT) phenomena in an Ethernet interface set-up is investigated in order to get more insight in coupling and interference mechanisms, robustness and susceptibility levels of a typical Ethernet installation on board of a naval vessel. It is shown that already a small EFT pulse is capable of disturbing or disrupting Ethernet communication at protocol level, which...
Within the last decades, the threat of fast transient electromagnetic pulses is rising, especially since new technologies of sources with higher mobility are available. Therefore, it is important to determine the threshold levels for the breakdown of electronic systems and its subsystems and components. For the determination of these threshold levels, time consuming measurements are necessary leading...
Interfering signals collocated to a radio communication system can degrade the system performance severely. To quantify this degradation by measuring the interfering signal is a difficult issue. Traditionally, the average interference power (the root mean square (RMS) value of the interfering signal) is measured and used as a measure of the impact on a digital radio receiver. However, it is well-know...
This paper explores an approach trying to recognize the presence of electromagnetic attacks on an equipment. Wireless communications are widely used in railway traffic management systems. Such systems are probably susceptible to be disturbed by malicious actions involving jammers. The general objective of this work is to develop a specific method enabling to detect and to recognize these types of...
The paper gives a classification and a comparison of the most commonly used methods for modeling power ground planes in power distribution networks (PDN). The influence of the model assumptions and the excitations used in the models on the accuracy are presented and discussed for different substrate technologies and geometries. All methods are validated with measurement showing a good correlation...
A novel method for efficient statistical characterization of ultra-wide band emissions from complex PCBs is introduced, based on principal component analysis with varimax rotation. The method extracts a reduced set of orthogonal eigen-modes and their associated amplitudes from measured emissions data across a scanned plane. Rotated and unrotated solutions are intercompared and interpreted physically...
An equation-based method combing field equations with circuit solver is proposed for calculating electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) on printed circuit board (PCB). These equations can be simplified to a voltage source and a current source, and then substituted into commercial software to calculate the impact of incident electromagnetic waves on traces on PCB. This paper compares the results calculated...
While crossing a semi-urban area, a vehicle undergoes a varied electromagnetic environment. This paper focuses particularly on low frequency magnetic fields. These fields are measured on board of a vehicle traveling at a variable speed. Measured field sources are identified and classified.
Diode detectors and thermocouple detectors are conventionally used to measure electromagnetic field strength. Both detectors have some disadvantages for applications where a fast response and a high dynamic range is required. The diode detector is limited in dynamic range. The dynamic range is important when considering modern pulsed wireless systems with a high peak-average ratio. The thermocouple...
Since the 1980-ties, the asymmetric mains impedances have been defined by IEC CISPR 16–1–2 [1] and used in an artificial mains network (AMN) suited in the frequency range (10) 150 kHz to 30 MHz. The mains impedance has recently been extended by the definition of asymmetric or common-mode artificial networks (AAN) and coupling/ decoupling networks (CDN) which are defined to be used in the frequency...
Differential signaling is used predominantly for its lower radiated emissions and better susceptibility. Mode conversion, however, can negate these benefits. Mode conversion can be caused by many channel features. This paper focuses on via transitions, specifically the position of the return vias relative to the signal vias and each other. Genetic algorithms and a fast via solver are used to optimize...
A simple and effective method to attenuate the propagation of switching noise within a power delivery network (PDN) on PCB-level is to use an electromagnetic band-gap structure (EBG). To determine the limit frequencies of the band-gap, an accurate model of the structure is necessary. This paper exploits the fact, that the patches of the EBG are electrically small at the frequency range below the band-gap...
A distributed behavioral model of two-level 1:n (1-input and n-outputs) asymmetrical interconnect tree network is explored. Based on circuit approach, theoretic analysis illustrating the mechanism of the underlying model extraction is described. The asymmetrical tree model is yielded from an innovative single input multiple output/single input single output (SIMO/SISO) transform. For predicting the...
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is one of the most important dosimetric parameters if human beings are exposed to electromagnetic fields. The following analysis shows that the SAR-formula stated in literature is accurate for time-harmonic transverse electromagnetic waves travelling in any lossy medium. The derivation of this formula as well as calculation results for some human tissues are presented.
In this paper, new anatomical models of the human body are developed taking into account the respiration physiology and the pulmonary mechanics. These models have been implemented with an automatic procedure, starting from the Visible Human and from the Duke of the Virtual Family. The obtained models can be used to evaluate the electromagnetic absorption and scattering, with particular reference to...
The number of current applications in the THz-frequency range (0.1–10 THz), e.g. full-body scanners or WLAN communication technologies, is rapidly rising. Accordingly, the need for methods to determine the risk for the general public and for employees due to electromagnetic exposure from such sources is growing. The currently available literature provides only information about dielectric material...
Set the date range to filter the displayed results. You can set a starting date, ending date or both. You can enter the dates manually or choose them from the calendar.