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The electronics industry is a dynamic sector in which the manufacturing process undergoes continual innovation. With the lifecycle of some products measured in months rather than years, new equipment, chemicals and processes are being introduced to the manufacturing and development fabricators on an ongoing basis, as are new product designs, which are themselves platforms for changing software and...
TREPREG materials (PM) which are reclaimed from waste printed circuit boards industry was used to produce polymeric composites by an extrusion and injection process through adding polypropylene (PP) as a bonding agent. The results show that the increments of tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the PP composites are greatly achieved than unfilled PP. The maximum...
High speed development of economy and huge population has made China become one of the biggest electronic consuming markets as well as the greatest e-waste generator gradually. About 20 million electronic household appliances and 70 million cell phones come to their end-of-life every year since 2001. However, China has not set up an integrated and effective reverse logistics system to collect, transport...
China plays an important role in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE, also known as e-waste) recycling around the world. Over 0.7 million people were employed for e-waste recycling industry in 2007, and 98% in the informal recycling sector. These informal e-waste recycling activities pose significant threats to the environment as well public health. Based on analysis of the current policies...
E-waste policies and regulations form the basis of E-waste management in a country. The evolution of policy and regulatory regime in this context is driven by a number of drivers both at local and international level. In this context, analysis of the existing policy and regulations and emergence of future trends has been carried out for E-waste management in India. Further, major drivers, which are...
There is increasing market and regulatory pressure on responsible management of end-of-life electronics. In Europe, the EuP Directive (DIRECTIVE 2005/32/EC) requires manufacturers to perform assessment of the environmental impacts of their products throughout their lifecycle and the EU WEEE directive encourages manufacturers to design products which facilitate easy dismantling and recovery, in particular...
Extensive interviews with electronic product recyclers and refurbishers identified numerous ways that the design of electronic products could be improved to enhance the performance of EoL systems in financial and resource conservation terms. Some design changes can be applied by manufacturers to today's products, some require collaborative industry initiatives, and some are transformative of the ICT...
In order to implement producer responsibility as required by the European WEEE-Directive, Germany decided to allow producers to determine the extent of their individual responsibility based on brand sorting. This paper presents this approach, the challenges related to its practical application and possible alternatives to implement individual producer responsibility.
This paper addresses the efforts of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to implement electronics stewardship (ES) objectives that deal with all three lifecycle phases: acquisition, operation, and end-of-life. A program analyst assessed USDA compliance with Federal ES requirements in 2007 and found that it was compliant in some respects and needing additional effort to comply in other areas....
Microbiological processes were applied to mobilize metals from printed wire boards. Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans isolated from a acidic mine drainage was grown and acclimated in the presence of printed wire boards and then used as bioleaching bacteria to solubilize metals from scraps of printed wire boards. Two Face Copper Clad Laminate (TFCCL), TFCCL with green non-conductive coating and actual...
This research focuses on quantifying the flows of gold related to small waste electrical and electronic equipment in Germany and in the USA. The results demonstrate that for mobile phones in Germany, only about 5% of the gold is currently recovered. These losses are due to insufficient collection and inadequate treatment.
In the process of designing a successful plant for recycling E-scrap, one identifies many areas that depend on the business environment and legal framework that will evolve. Therefore, it is most important to first support the development of the legal framework in which the recycling industry will develop. North America is currently going through the process of developing that framework. Different...
This analysis compares e-commerce versus traditional retail systems energy use and greenhouse gas emissions through a case study of a product chosen to represent the retail process. We conclude that e-commerce has lower energy use and GHG emissions for our case study.
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