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In underwater networks, when designing contention-based MAC protocols such as CSMA/CA, a long propagation delay should be considered. Particularly, most protocols like 802.11, the most typical CSMA/CA protocol, which utilize the RTS/CTS handshaking technique with network allocation vector (NAV), determine the NAV using a value of duration field in RTS/CTS. The duration value is determined with a fixed...
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