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This response to the paper by Mr. Donald W. Zipse entitled "equipotential planes, a figment of the imagination" comes from a power systems grounding perspective. Mr. Zipse's paper has presented opinions in opposition to the use of equipotential planes, and the multigrounded neutral distribution system. This response focuses on the areas of weakness in the paper and demonstrate that many...
An innovative method is proposed where charging current can be measured and grounding resistors sized without staging a fault. Overvoltages have caused damage to equipment and voltage transformer fuse blowing an ungrounded 4.8 kV delta distribution system. Three causes are suspected: single-line-to-ground faults, multiple restrikes and ferroresonance. The first is the most likely. The existence of...
Multiple grounded neutral systems require that, on most land-based AC current service installations, the bonding conductor used to connect the non-current-carrying metal parts of equipment, the system grounded conductor (neutral), and the grounding electrodes be bonded together at the service entrance box. Users, thus, share their ground with the serving utility's neutral ground. This interconnection,...
The benefits in performance (sensitivity and speed), reliability (security, selectivity, and dependability), availability, efficiency, economics, safety, compatibility, and capabilities of microprocessor multifunction protective relaying (MMPR) technology over the previous existing technologies, namely electromechanical and solid-state, are explored. The suggested typical values, quality measurements,...
This paper challenges conventional established practice and presently accepted standards concerning equipotential planes. The concepts, ideas and recommendations contained within this paper are the opinions of the author. It is the opinion of the author that it is unfortunate that in the United States the vast majority of utilities use the hazardous multigrounded neutral electrical distribution system...
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