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A 16-mode PANDA polarization-maintaining ring-core fiber (PM-RCF) is presented and optimized, which adjacent LP-modes show effective refractive index differences larger than 10−4 for multiple-input multiple-output-free (MIMO-free) space-division multiplexing (SDM) optical networks. Relative mode multiplicity factor (RMMF) is defined to evaluate the spatial efficiency of the presented PM-RCF.
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