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In design of demand response programs, real-time pricing plays an important role. In real-time pricing systems, information of the price and power consumption is sent to an ISO (independent system operator) and consumers (i.e., smart meters) through communication networks. Hence, this system can be regarded as a class of networked control systems. In this paper, design of real-time pricing systems...
Real-time protocols originated from standard Ethernet technology have been gradually developed over the last decade. Candidates of real-time Ethernet protocols are EtherCAT and PROFINET IRT from Beckhoff and Siemens, respectively. In contrast to standard Ethernet, data-link layers of both Ethernet-like networks are modified from IEEE 802.3 in order to improve real-time capabilities for critical communications...
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