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Industrial communication systems increasingly deploy wireless technologies. In order to benefit from flexibility and cost saving potentials, wireless systems have to cope with the requirements of industrial applications, in particular timing constraints. Due to their hard and isochronous real-time characteristics, control applications on the field level of factory automation have not been considered...
This paper investigates an original system for wireless control and monitoring of an agricultural machine. The system is implemented by means of an IEEE 802.11-based soft realtime communication architecture which enables the connection of the machine with off-the-shelf mobile devices, like widespread tablet PCs, that could hence replace traditional ad-hoc developed operator panels. The harsh surrounding...
One of the most important requirements for the industrial networks, apart from the real-time capability, is the reliability. There are several methods that can be used to increase the communication reliability. One of them is data duplication, which is afterwards transmitted using two different (disjoint) paths. Since, such path search for time triggered Ethernet based systems is typically done during...
Network-based clock synchronization is an important prerequisite for many application areas and more and more required for the factory floor for network arbitration, control, and monitoring. Limitations of existing clock synchronization protocols are that they either support high redundancy and robustness or high precision. This paper presents an approach to integrate slave-side robustness into high...
Today, electronic devices may have multiple possibilities to communicate, either through wired or wireless interfaces. Despite this diversity, devices still fail to fully use the available resources by not simultaneously using multiple channels to their full extent. This is especially true in wireless channels where the efficient aggregation of multiple channels has proved to be a difficult task,...
In component-based and model-driven development it is common to model embedded applications in a platform-independent manner. As an example, some approaches allow development of distributed applications while abstracting away from details of communication between platform nodes. Using such an approach requires to implement this communication before an executable system is deployed. Currently it is...
The existing worst-case response-time analysis for Controller Area Network (CAN) does not support mixed messages that are scheduled with offsets in the systems where the CAN controllers implement abortable transmit buffers. Mixed messages are partly periodic and partly sporadic. These messages are implemented by several higher-level protocols based on CAN that are used in the automotive industry....
Being distributed in nature, IEC 61499 industrial control applications are subject to partial failures. Building applications that are tolerant of these failures (i.e. a fault-tolerant application) may be achieved through the use of replication. In this paper we present a framework to support replicated IEC 61499 applications, and study how replica determinism may be achieved in this framework.
Real-time Ethernet variants gain importance for communication infrastructure of various time-critical domains, such as in-car networks. Synchronous time-triggered traffic guarantees strict timing but requires a detailed schedule for all participants. Designing these schedules by hand is extensive work and with increasing network size almost impossible. In this paper, we contribute a mapping of the...
For companies in the automation industry, the development of real-time Ethernet to connect devices is of high economic interest to replace conventional fieldbus systems. Therefore, many approaches for adapting Ethernet to real-time requirements come from industrial applications. This is a challenging task as the original Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3 was not designed for real-time data transmission...
This work investigates the composition of interdependent software components on a shared platform from a timing perspective. Because we consider software components for vehicular systems, which are often sensitive to timing, the individual components and the composed system require timing analysis. In order to support independent development of components, the real-time systems community proposed...
For a distributed embedded system (DES) to operate continuously in a dynamic environment, it must be flexible and highly reliable. This applies in particular to its communication subsystem. The Flexible Time-Triggered Replicated Star for Ethernet (FTTRS) aims at providing such a subsystem by means of a highly-reliable switched-Ethernet architecture based on the Flexible Time-Triggered paradigm (FTT),...
The resource constrained legacy embedded systems are widely found in today's Industrial Control System networks. The Manufacturing message service (MMS) protocol is an international messaging service standard for industrial communications with very limited security provisioning. Legacy embedded systems and real-time applications impose challenges to secure the MMS protocol. Analysing the relevant...
Distributed systems rely in communication networks, typically a bus, in order to exchange messages and fulfill their goals. However, message transmission is subject to interferences that ultimately can lead to message corruption. In systems where a high-reliability is sought, error recovery mechanisms can be deployed in order to give the required reliability level, and this can be done in the spatial...
This paper focuses on the optimization of the TTEthernet communication protocol, which offers three traffic classes: time-triggered (TT), sent according to static schedules, rate-constrained (RC) that has bounded end-to-end latency, and best-effort (BE), the classic Ethernet traffic, with no timing guarantees. In our earlier work we have proposed an optimization approach named DOTTS that performs...
Fault-tolerance is becoming an increasingly crucial aspect of the design of Networked Control Systems (NCSs) in order to mitigate system downtime. However, the introduction of fault-tolerance is typically associated with significant traffic overhead. In this paper, an optimization to an Ethernet-based network fabric fault-tolerant NCS is proposed. The proposed optimization halves the amount of overhead...
Ethernet is going to play a major role in automotive communications, thus representing a significant paradigm shift in automotive networking. Ethernet technology will allow for multiple in-vehicle systems (such as, multimedia/infotainment, camera-based advanced driver assistance and on-board diagnostics) to simultaneously access information over a single unshielded twisted pair cable. The leading...
Nowadays, industrial control networks are no longer conceived as isolated systems, being them exposed to the same kind of security threats affecting traditional office and business networks. For this kind of systems, the main security requirement is availability, thus the protection measures used to secure industrial control networks must take into account also performance aspects, such as latency...
In the context of the 4 industrial revolution, the knowledge and management of the precise topological and geographical location of industrial equipment is a growing necessity. However, a holistic concept for topology and location management in process- and factory automation networks down to the field level is yet unknown. In this work, existing network and location management mechanisms are surveyed...
In this paper, we compare and survey different ways to model the scheduling delays corresponding to non-preemptive critical sections being executed by the tasks of different components that ultimately need to share one processor. We focus on the performance of compositional timing analyses for systems and we compare different protocols for the arbitration of tasks that wish to execute critical sections...
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