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It has been shown recently that unconstrained particles that follow the position and velocity update rules of a standard global best particle swarm optimization algorithm leave the boundaries of the search space within the first few iterations of the search process. Provided that a better solution does not exist outside of the search boundaries, these roaming particles are eventually pulled back within...
Heterogeneous particle swarm optimizers (HPSO) add multiple search behaviors to the swarm. This is done by allowing particles to utilize different update equations to each other. Dynamic and adaptive HPSO algorithms allow the particles to change their behaviors during the search. A number of factors come into play when dealing with the different behaviors, one of which is deciding when a particle...
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