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This paper investigates a number of design, operation and lifetime management experiences of transformer protection systems installed on National Grid Electricity Transmission (NGET) networks. The paper will consider the policy, application design and operational experiences under the following categories particularly since the move to numeric protection: Policy and application design Operational...
Pantograph of an en-energized train may never run through n neutral section. As it does so, the arc generated across the pantograph will likely short the two feeding lines together at both sides of the neutral section where two phases are separated, The fault is called out-of-phase short-circuit fault for which short two out-of-phase feeding lines. Traditional feeder distance protection and current...
This paper proposes a novel transmission line protection scheme based on frequency-domain model identification method with distributed parameter. Integrated impedance is defined by voltages and currents of two end terminals of transmission line. By analyzing the frequency-domain expressions of integrated impedance in internal and external fault states, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the...
Worldwide analysis of recent wide area cascading failures has shown that very often they were mainly caused by the maloperation of the third zone of a distance protection relay. The load encroachment and power swing phenomena are the two dire problems to solve when dealing with the third zone of distance protection. The vast number of blackouts could have been avoided or the consequences lowered if...
There were many accidents of large-scale wind turbines disconnecting from power grid in 2011. Single-phase-to-ground fault cannot be correctly detected. Single-phase-to-ground evolved to phase-to-phase fault. Phase-to-phase fault was isolated slowly, which led to low voltage. And wind turbines without enough low voltage ride-through capacity disconnected from the grid. After some wind turbines disconnected...
Over the years, different methods have been used in order to avoid problems with load encroachment, and each method presents its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the method used, each relay will have a maximum "loadability limit" that will cause the relay to operate under high load conditions. Therefore, it is important for the relay engineer to understand and take...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of Static Var Compensator (SVC), one of the shunt connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices; in the case of inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. The presence of SVC on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance at the relaying point. In the presence...
Application of local data at receiving node of the system to estimate and control its parameters were considered in the paper. Using Thevenin model some methods were developed, analysed and simulated allowing to estimate and control stability margin and voltage level. The results can be used to construct voltage controller on basis of power electronics.
Distribution system operator (DSO) sometimes needs to operate the large network which means operating of the network with big capacitive current (in Czech Republic more than 800A). This operation puts the emphasis not only on the setting of the earth fault relays but on the safety of the point of fault too. The paper describes the theoretical analysis, simulation and tests in real compensated distribution...
This paper deals with line protection challenges experienced in system having substantial wind generation penetration. Two types of WTGU: Doubly Fed (DFIG) and Squirrel Cage (SCIG) Induction Generators are simulated and connected to grid with single circuit transmission line. The paper summarizes analytical investigations carried out on the impedance seen by distance relays by varying fault resistances...
Accurate fault location on transmission lines becomes increasingly beneficial by reducing outage times and allowing faster restoration of scarce power system assets back into service. Having natural access to synchronized remote current data, line current differential protection schemes can incorporate multiterminal fault location algorithms, allowing for more accurate fault location compared with...
This paper presents a novel approach designed for centralize substation level protection to determine the faulty feeder in a distribution network In opposite to phase-to-earth faults in the transmission networks (HV), which neutral points are solidly earthed, fault-loops in a fault-to-earth case in MV distribution networks have big impedance. Additionally during the earth-fault the transient component...
In this paper, the application of static series compensator as a fault current limiter is proposed to preserve the integrity of the overcurrent relays' settings in a microgrid for both modes of operations, i.e., utility-grid connected and autonomous (islanded). Static series compensator could be multiple low-power single-phase inverters that attach to the overhead conductor and dynamically control...
Distance relays used for transmission line protection can mal-operate on power swing. This paper presents protection schemes for out of step detection based on synchronized phasor measurement. Voltages and currents at both the ends of a transmission line are used to derive the parameters required for designing these schemes. The proposed schemes can distinguish stable and unstable power swing and...
At present, gas protection and current differential protection are generally used as the main protection for traction transformer in China high-speed railway. Overcurrent protection with busbar low-voltage start-up is used as the backup protection installed at HV side and LV side of transformer. This paper introduces the principle of overcurrent protection with busbar low-voltage start-up, and then...
This paper presents a new impedance based fault location method in the case of phase to phase and three phase faults. This method utilized the measured impedance by distance relay and super imposed current factor, which is the ratio of post-fault current to super imposed current, to discriminate the fault position on the line. This method is robust against the fault resistance. The presented method...
Injection-based 100% stator earth-fault protection has been used for many years. However traditionally signals with frequency between 10Hz and 25Hz have been injected into the stator winding. To inject such a signal, either a dedicated grounding transformer with secondary grounding resistor or injection on primary side of the grounding circuit, is normally used. This paper will present a novel approach...
Transmission line parameter is important for obtaining power network structure, generating power system node admittance matrix or impedance matrix to calculate power flow, calculating short-circuit current, and setting relaying protection devices. But actually, transmission line parameters applied in power system are mostly experience values or offline measuring values provided by manufacturers, they...
The presence of supplementary controllers for thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC), to damp the Inter-area power system oscillations makes the resultant transmission line (T.L), reactance varying during the damping process. This variation causes an undesirable effect on the distance relay DR, as its setting depends on the physical impedance of the T.L. In this paper, a novel algorithm is...
Loss-Of-Excitation (LOE) condition of a generator may cause severe damages on both generator and the interconnected systems. This paper analyses the behaviours of different LOE protection schemes, such as R-X, G-B, P-Q and U-I schemes, for a hydro generator, which is connected to an infinite bus. Based on the simulation results, the reliability and stability of existing LOE protection schemes are...
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