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The climate of Tunisia, located in North Africa, is favorable to the use of solar energy. This location exhibits some of the highest insolation levels on earth making it an attractive location for photovoltaic (PV) power applications. In comparison to grid power, PV power is still not competitive. However, there are many small, remote locations in Tunisia which rely on diesel generators for electric...
This paper proposes a new pricing mechanism and dispatch model for reactive power service from distributed generation (DG) resources, including wind turbines and solar photovoltaic plants, connected to a low voltage distribution system. Novel cost functions of reactive power service are proposed for DG resources as well as alternative VAR suppliers such as STATCOM and capacitor banks, taking into...
This paper proposes an approach for the control and optimization of power flow by integrating Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles (PHEV) to an existing residential photovoltaic system. Optimization of Power flow reduces the dependency for electric power from the grid and control involves determining the source from which residential load will be catered. The system built to achieve the goal is a combination of...
With the recent emphasis on environmental issues and concerns for global warming, many states have adopted aggressive Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) requiring electricity suppliers to obtain a minimum percentage of their power from renewable energy resources by a given date. Among various states, California leads with an RPS of 20% by 2010, and 33% by 2020. Most renewable resources, by their...
With more and more photovoltaic (PV) panels, energy storage devices and other small generators being put into service, it is necessary to integrate them into power systems. Grid integration provides a reliable means for customers to use renewable energy such as solar at its maximum and to use other sources as backup. Inverters are widely used as interfaces for these distribution resources. In this...
A comprehensive voltage imbalance sensitivity analysis and stochastic evaluation based on the rating and location of single-phase grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic cells (PVs) in a residential low voltage distribution network are presented. The voltage imbalance at different locations along a feeder is investigated. In addition, the sensitivity analysis is performed for voltage imbalance in one...
According to Japanese governmental target, more than 50 GW will be penetrated on the whole utility system until 2030. Such large penetration of PV system may cause deterioration of power quality and stability of the whole utility grid. CRIEPI is promoting a study of future Japanese style smart grid called “Triple I (Intelligent, Interactive, Integrated) Power System (TIPS)” to keep stable and to promote...
Detailed theoretical analyses are presented to show the influence of partial shading on v-i and p-i characteristics of solar modules and to compare the accuracies of two simple, fast and reliable maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) techniques for photovoltaic (PV) systems: the voltage-based (VMPPT) and the current-based (CMPPT) approaches. Simulations are presented to highlight impacts of partial...
This paper deals with modeling, control and co-simulation of a single-phase single-stage Grid-interactive photovoltaic (PV) system with active filter functions. Single-phase PV systems are the most prevalent in roof-top configurations. In this paper, the modeling of a PV array with maximum power point tracking is performed in MATLAB/Simulink. The developed PV array model may be directly connected...
Locational marginal pricing (LMP) data available from PJM makes an in-depth analysis of the true worth of photovoltaic electricity generation possible. This paper provides a comparison of commonly used average retail electricity prices and average prices of electricity determined by the combination of empirically collected energy generation created by two photovoltaic systems and the available PJM...
Combined heat and power system (CHP) with renewable energy generation, which operates with high efficiency and low costs, is an important form of microgrid. This paper deals with the problem of economic operation of cogeneration system including wind energy, PV, heat recovery boiler and battery. On the basis of predicting the next 24-hours' wind energy and PV power, power and heat demand, a nonlinear...
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducts a variety of research in the area of hybrid power system integration and microgrids. NREL is studying hybrid (stand-alone) power systems incorporating photovoltaic power in the United States and assessing the characteristics and status of government-installed hybrid systems greater than 2 kW over the last 30 years. This research provides information...
The number of installed distributed generation (DG) in residential areas rapidly increases, specifically in the form of photovoltaics (PV), causing some undesired side effects such as voltage rise. Overvoltage can damage critical loads, but is also disadvantageous for the owner because inverters switch off in case of overvoltage, resulting in output loss. Since grid connected inverters essentially...
Recently hybrid power systems (HPSs) consisting of integrated operation of two or more different types of energy sources and storage devices are being deployed for rural electrification or electrification of remote areas in many countries across the world. This is seen as a cost effective solution in contrast to extending the utility grid in remote areas. The types of upcoming renewable and low-carbon...
It is expected that large capacity distributed generation (DG) systems including photovoltaic (PV) power systems will be installed in future power systems. When the capacity of PV power systems installed in the distribution system increases, reverse power flow may cause problems. To deal with these problems, control equipment such as static var compensators and storage batteries can be used. However...
This paper deals with the use of large-size Photovoltaic (PV) units as providers of the reactive power compensation ancillary service. To do this, a suitable control scheme has been developed, which is based on an advanced control theory, called FeedBack Linearization (FBL), widely employed in the robotics field but still not so popular in power systems engineering. This allows to regulate both the...
The impacts of PV power plants are associated with voltage profiles, electrical losses, power factor, capacity planning, power quality, system operations and protection. Currently utility-scale solar PV plants have nominal capacities that are compatible with distribution substation MVA ratings e.g., between 1 MVA and 10 MVA, plans are to develop transmission interconnected PV plants in the 50 - 100...
This paper focuses on the study of a two-stage, multi-string photovoltaic (PV) system connected by a common DC bus to a centralized inverter, interfaced with a utility grid. The distribution network model, load model and DC bus model are used for simulation. PV system exhibits non-linear v-i characteristics and an intermediate boost converter is employed to operate the PV array at its maximum power...
The photovoltaic industry is growing rapidly. In North America, over the past decade, the number of commercially available products and companies devoting resources to this industry has grown substantially. This past year saw the debut of a number of new technologies and new corporate entrants into the market. Utility-scale project size continues to grow and break records. In 2009 module efficiencies...
This paper proposes a design of a controlled voltage bus for a PV source to be used in a hybrid DC distribution system infrastructure. Load centers, boost converter, and distribution panels combine to link the solar collectors with multiple loads and Backup battery systems add to the complexity of a PV installation. The controlled voltage bus is constructed based on the design of a DC-DC boost converter...
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