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Charge balance is known to be an essential consideration in series valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery applications. Conventional applications use passive equalization to maintain balance: periodic overcharge sequences. Active equalization uses external circuits to enforce charge balance without the need for overcharge. There is little published data to show the potential value of active equalization...
All electrochemical energy storage systems can cause unsafe operating conditions when an uncontrolled current flow over an electrolyte path to ground occurs. The influences of different variables, intervening in such an event, have been explored with lead acid batteries of the VRLA/AGM type. The tests show that the ground short current ranges from 0.1 to ~50 mA and that direct line of sight through...
Forty years ago, lead-acid batteries were already the dominating electrochemical storage system. As standby batteries, they mostly were used as large central batteries of flooded cells. Although they already represented a matured system, development went on, mainly in the areas of safety aspects and reduction of maintenance expenses. An important turning point was the introduction of the valve-regulated...
The use of lead-acid batteries as a back-up power source in telecommunication systems is well established. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries have been the technology of choice and these 12 V products are connected in series to meet the higher voltage system requirements. Additional strings are used to increase capacity or allow redundancy, Atraverda has developed a component, based on a composite-laminate...
Based on 14 years experience with batteries in both MSC (mobile switching centre) and BTS (base transceiver stations), Vodafone D2 Germany is looking for alternatives to VRLA batteries especially in outdoor cabinets, to answer their changing requirements in terms of life and reliability, operational needs, impact on OpEx and CapEx, and environmental compatibility. The major challenges inside outdoor...
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