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This article summarizes the requirements for communication redundancy in the different market sectors for industrial automation. It reviews the different solutions for using standard Ethernet to fulfill requirements and proposes more special extensions to Ethernet to obtain this. The path forward is sketched. Focus is on ideas and concerns that must be taken when the standardization work of IEC in...
The move towards Ethernet based communication solutions in automation is accompanied by a need for determinism and real-time performance. The subject of this paper is the measured real-time performance across a switched Ethernet segment. Performance at 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps network speed was measured using UDP on Windows and Linux. Output stack times in the 8-16 mus range were measured with low processor...
The current situation in automation is characterised by an ongoing trend towards distributed systems based on intelligent devices, the application of Web services and the usage of Ethernet as the main communication media. The most important standard to deal with distributed control systems (DCSs) is the IEC 61499 whose industrial application is still at the beginning. Within this paper, a platform...
The limitation in maximum packet size of fieldbuses, is one of the characteristics that limit throughput in these networks. This restricts the range of multimedia applications viable over these infrastructures. In Ethernet, the limitation of 1500 bytes is currently being surpassed by the use of jumbo-frames, which offer a maximum frame size of 9 Kb, thus significantly improving the throughput of Ethernet...
This paper presents an architecture to build distributed embedded real-time systems in the RTLinux-GPL platform. The architecture (built in a layered fashion) has being built around open source projects ranging from Ethernet drivers to a CORBA environment. The paper focuses on those layers that give support for QoS and real-time networking over Ethernet networks. The main ideas are: to accomplish...
Ethernet has become so popular that it has also been further developed/or use at field level in automation technology under realtime conditions. However, for reasons of function and investment protection, the introduction of realtime Ethernet in automation solutions is likely to be a gradual process. Suitable solutions for the integration of existing fieldbus technology into the realtime Ethernet...
In this paper, a pyramid control hierarchy is proposed. It is based on the presence of a supervisor controller on top of separate controller nodes. A simulation study is conducted to test the functionality of the system. The proposed model is an enhancement of machine modeled in form of networked control systems (NCS). Two models are tested: one supervisor/two sub-controllers, one supervisor/three...
Embedded systems have specific real-time requirements that led to the development of dedicated communication protocols. Such systems often face increasing communication needs and the integration of switched Ethernet architecture. But moving from existing dedicated field-buses architectures to new Ethernet based architectures is not always easily feasible, due to industrial constraints. In this paper,...
One of the most important factors in building high-performance, scalable industrial control applications is the ability to transfer process data from the server to the client machine in the most efficient and fast way. OPC DA is widely accepted and used as the standard in automation and network control systems. We present a system and method for caching process data in large industrial control systems...
This paper presents a design scheme for an intelligent fieldbus master with Ethernet interface based on Profibus. Significance of the design scheme was discussed, as there are many different kinds of fieldbuses coexisting. Architecture of Profibus protocol and its state machine was investigated. According to the state machine, an integrated communication process of the master was analyzed, and a design...
Current situation in industry is characterized by a strong trend towards distributed automation systems based on intelligent devices and intelligent decision making. This affects on the one hand the hardware components and on the other hand the approaches of software development and processing. In addition to this, Ethernet technologies are penetrating more and more the field device level applying...
"Integration", in particular vertical integration, has become one of the dominating buzzwords in the automation business. While marketing campaigns mostly in the context of industrial Ethernet and modular manufacturing execution systems evoke the impression that integration in automation is a new and revolutionary concept, the opposite is true: integration has always been the ultimate goal...
Traditional shared Ethernet networks have a non-deterministic behaviour, which impairs the support of real-time communication. In this paper, it is proposed a shared Ethernet deterministic architecture, able to interconnect sensors, controllers and actuators at the field level, allowing the coexistence of standard devices with enhanced (real-time) devices. Such solution is based on the control of...
In this paper, the open source project RTnet is presented. RTnet provides a customisable and extensible framework for hard real-time communication over Ethernet and other transport media. The paper describes architecture, core components, and protocols of RTnet. FireWire is introduced as a powerful alternative to Ethernet, and its integration into RTnet is presented. Moreover, an overview of available...
A considerable share of power drive systems (PDS) on the market are controlled over industrial networks or fieldbuses. These interfaces are defined in a manufacturer independent way in profiles, which are dependent of the type of network interface. A generic interface to PDS opens the possibility to accept these profiles in international standards and to open the access for new, industrial Ethernet...
The use of firewalls between business and process control networks is often suggested as an ideal solution for plant floor cyber security. But research shows that few firewalls are properly configured and that many control system security incidents bypass the firewall. If firewalls are to be effective, guidance on how to deploy them in industrial settings is badly needed. The authors conducted a survey...
This paper's main purpose is to present an automatic vision assortment system for cork classification. Cork is a natural material that is used to seal wine bottles due to its reliability and its chemical and mechanic properties. A modular approach isolates the hard real-time sub problems. It includes some custom developed hardware and software. The developed and implemented system acquires images...
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