The demand for miniaturization and lightweight of the launch vehicle is becoming stronger and stronger, along with the vigorously development of industrial spaceflight. But it is limited to carry out the research of lightweight in two aspects of traditional rocket structure and equipment, it can't meet the development needs of the space transportation system. Multifunctional structure is the integration design of different functional units, such as structure, energy, electronic equipment and thermal control etc, and also is an effective way to develop the lightweight of the launch vehicle. In this paper, the application of multifunctional structure in space transportation system is studied, technical connotation and research status is introduced, a principle prototype of the multifunctional structure including structure, energy and information acquisition is completed, a preliminary exploration of the application of the multifunctional structure technology in space transportation system is realized.