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The effect of the molar ratio of hydroxide and fluoride ions to Al(III) ions (γOH and γF) on coagulation and electrocoagulation (EC) was studied to solve the problem of the over addition of acid or base. The efficiency of defluoridation was approximately 100% when the sum of γOH and γF (γOH+F) was close to 3. This finding reveals that the fluoride ions and the hydroxide ions can co-precipitate with...
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