Barkhausen noise measurements were performed in order to detect the microstructure changes and the initiation of the damage in the case of a cyclic strained industrial steel. The influence of the number of cycles and the unloading mode, on the Barkhausen noise, is studied. Fatigue tests are performed according to a push-pull mode under total strain controlled conditions. Results are analyzed from the microstructural changes by cyclic deformation of the steel specially taking into account the sign and the level of internal stress field as well as changes in the density of crystal defects, the precipitation state, and the initiation and the development of microcracks. Finally characteristics of Barkhausen peaks are proposed as indicators of the fatigue damage.