The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser.
The schistosome egg granuloma has emerged as a dominant model system to study the immunoregulation of focal inflammatory reactions. The pervasive Th2 character of schistosome egg granulomas has further increased interest in this parasite infection. This review will discuss the common methods used to study schistosome egg granulomas. This includes the choice of parasite, maintenance of parasite life...
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes with a distinct morphology and the ability to kill certain target cells via one or more cytolytic mechanisms. Measurements ofin vitroNK activity from heparinized whole blood, or lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood or tissue, may be performed by a variety of techniques. Procedures using standard 51 Cr-release assays as well...
Granulomas usually serve to protect the host from the spread of persistent microorganisms or other enduring injurious substances. They are complex inflammatory reactions that use many immune mechanisms to control the inciting nudis. These lesions can persist for weeks, months, or even years. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that enhance, diminish, or modulate granulomas could aid in the treatment...
The production of reactive oxidants has been implicated in the pathology of a number of inflammatory conditions, including inflamed arthritic joints. Many assays for the detection of these oxidants in diseased states have been described, but there are a number of potential pitfalls in both experimental design and the interpretation of results obtained with these techniques. Here, we describe a number...
The antigens recognized by CD4 + T cells are key to rational vaccine design, but have been difficult to identify due to limitations of conventional methods. A novel strategy for identifying CD4 + T-cell-stimulating antigen genes is described here. Using antigen-specific, lacZ-expressing T cells as single-cell probes, a DNA library was screened as recombinantEscherichia coli.An antigen...
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be adoptively transferred by T cells that are specific for autoantigens of the central nervous system. A variety of autoantigens and their derived peptides have been shown to be excellent stimulators for encephalitogenic T-cell lines and clones. This article describes protocols for the establishment and characterization of autoreactive T-cell lines...
Nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases are involved in the regulation of almost all neutrophil responses such as adhesion, chemotaxis, priming, oxidative burst, and degranulation. Here, we show that phagocytosis is also regulated by protein-tyrosine kinase activity. Using various protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, we further demonstrate that opsonized zymosan-induced degranulation of specific and azurophil...
The one-bead one-peptide combinatorial library method represents a powerful approach to the discovery of binding peptides for various macromolecular targets. It involves the synthesis of millions of peptides on beads such that each bead displays only one peptide entity. The peptide–beads that interact with a specific macromolecular target are then isolated for structure determination. We have applied...
Our knowledge of antigenic specificity has greatly increased in recent years mainly through X-ray crystallographic studies of proteins and peptides complexed with monoclonal antibodies. However, our ability to predict the location of antigenic sites in proteins remains limited partly because prediction algorithms reduce the complexity of epitopes to one-dimensional, linear peptide models. Epitopes...
The O −2 -generating NADPH oxidase, originally thought to be expressed only in phagocytic cells of the immune system, can also be expressed in B lymphocytes. Epstein–Barr virus-transformed B cell lines (EBV-BL) can generate O −2 at rates corresponding to between 1 and 5% of the rates obtained by activated neutrophils. The composition of the NADPH oxidase of EBV-BL appears...
The discovery of the lymphokine interleukin 2 (IL-2), which induces growth of T cells, set the stage for establishing methods forin vitrocloning of human T cells. More recently, it has become clear that in addition to IL-2, other T-cell growth factors, such as IL-4 and IL-7, can be used for generation and expansion of T-cell clones. In the past it was shown that it is possible to grow T cells differing...
The recognition of antigen by T lymphocytes (T cells) is restricted by Class I or Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products, the phenomenon called “MHC restriction.” MHC restriction is speculated to be one of the major elements for the association of disease susceptibility to MHC haplotypes. Clones of T cells have been shown to be powerful tools for the analysis of such restriction...
Splenic dendritic cells (DC) express high levels of MHC, co-stimulator, and adhesion molecules and have been shown to be extremely potent antigen-presenting cells for both CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses. Previous studies have shown that murine DC can be loaded with exogenous antigens and used to prime CD4 + , Class II-restricted T-cell responsesin vivo.This article describes...
The ability to isolate homogeneous populations of antiviral T lymphocytes from immune mice has led to insight into a variety of areas in cellular immunology. It has permitted the characterization of the distinct pathways of antigen processing and presentation to CD8 + , Class I MHC-restricted and CD4 + , Class II MHC-restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes as well as the identification...
High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a structural technique that is finding increasing use in the study of antibody–antigen interactions. In this review we describe how the dynamic structural parameters obtained from NMR spectroscopy can further our understanding of B-cell epitopes and their function. Specific applications of NMR spectroscopy to examine the residues on...
A convenient microtiter-plate assay that uses immobilized antibody to capture specific antigens for presentation to T cells has been developed. Initial experiments used KLH as the antigen, immune antisera and draining lymph node cells from immunized NOD mice as the source of antibody and T cells, and spleen cells from naive NOD mice as the source of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The resulting proliferation...
Intracellular free Ca 2+ plays an important role in the function of neutrophils and many other cell types. In this report, fluorescent techniques for the measurement of intracellular Ca 2+ in neutrophils are reviewed. Thus, some commonly used fluorescent indicators are listed, and both theoretical and practical considerations required for their use are detailed. The use of these probes...
T-cell clones have been extremely useful in studying the cellular arm of the mammalian immune response. A method for generating homogeneous long-term, antigen-specific cultures of murine T cells is discussed, with emphasis on obtaining CD4 + T-cell clones. Some procedures and assays that will be helpful in characterizing the T-cell clones are also included.
Set the date range to filter the displayed results. You can set a starting date, ending date or both. You can enter the dates manually or choose them from the calendar.