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The nanoparticle gadolinium endohedral metallofullerenol [Gd@C 82 (OH) 22 ] n is a new candidate for cancer treatment with low toxicity. However, its anti-cancer mechanisms remain mostly unknown. In this study, we took a systems biology view of the gene expression profiles of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECV304) treated with...
Breast cancers are highly heterogeneous with different subtypes that lead to different clinical outcomes including prognosis, response to treatment and chances of recurrence and metastasis. An important task in personalized medicine is to determine the subtype for a breast cancer patient in order to provide the most effective treatment. In order to achieve this goal, integrative genomics approach...
In this paper, we study domain compositions of proteins via compression of whole proteins in an organism for the sake of obtaining the entropy that the individual contains. We suppose that a protein is a multiset of domains. Since gene duplication and fusion have occurred through evolutionary processes, the same domains and the same compositions of domains appear in multiple proteins, which enables...
Measuring expression levels of genes at the whole genome level can be useful for many purposes, especially for revealing biological pathways underlying specific phenotype conditions. When gene expression is measured over a time period, we have opportunities to understand how organisms react to stress conditions over time. Thus many biologists routinely measure whole genome level gene expressions at...
As one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTMs), protein phosphorylation plays an important role in various biological processes, such as signaling transduction, cellular metabolism, differentiation, growth, regulation and apoptosis. Protein phosphorylation is of great value not only in illustrating the underlying molecular mechanisms but also in treatment of diseases and design...
Mathematical modeling of prostate cancer under intermittent androgen suppression revealed that we may be able to delay relapse by optimally scheduling the hormone therapy for each patient. However, our previous study showed the difficulty of the scheduling by minimizing the maximal tumor growth rate because the transient dynamics is also important and can help to delay the relapse for a finite time...
Epistatic Miniarray Profiles (EMAP) enable the research of genetic interaction as an important method to construct large-scale genetic interaction networks. However, a high proportion of missing values frequently poses problems in EMAP data analysis since such missing values hinder downstream analysis. While some imputation approaches have been available to EMAP data, we adopted an improved SVD modeling...
Identification of essential proteins is very important for understanding the minimal requirements for cellular life and also necessary for a series of practical applications, such as drug design. With the advances in high throughput technologies, a large number of protein–protein interactions are available, which makes it possible to detect proteins’ essentialities from the network level. Considering...
RNA-seq analysis provides a powerful tool for revealing relationships between gene expression level and biological function of proteins. In order to identify differentially expressed genes among various RNA-seq datasets obtained from different experimental designs, an appropriate normalization method for calibrating multiple experimental datasets is the first challenging problem. We propose a novel...
Inferring gene regulatory networks from gene expression data at whole genome level is still an arduous challenge, especially in higher organisms where the number of genes is large but the number of experimental samples is small. It is reported that the accuracy of current methods at genome scale significantly drops from Escherichia coli to Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the increase in number of...
There is no effective cure nowadays for many complex diseases, and thus it is crucial to detect and further treat diseases in earlier stages. Generally, the development and progression of complex diseases include three stages: normal stage, pre-disease stage, and disease stage. For diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to reveal dynamical organizations of molecular modules during the early development...
Alternative splicing is an important gene regulatory mechanism that dramatically increases the complexity of the proteome. However, how alternative splicing is regulated and how transcription and splicing are coordinated are still poorly understood, and functions of transcript isoforms have been studied only in a few limited cases. Nowadays, RNA-seq technology provides an exceptional opportunity to...
In order to improve our understanding of cancer and develop multi-layered theoretical models for the underlying mechanism, it is essential to have enhanced understanding of the interactions between multiple levels of genomic data that contribute to tumor formation and progression. Although there exist recent approaches such as a graph-based framework that integrates multi-omics data including copy...
A key challenge in systems biology is the elucidation of the underlying principles, or fundamental laws, which determine the cellular phenotype. Understanding how these fundamental principles are altered in diseases like cancer is important for translating basic scientific knowledge into clinical advances. While significant progress is being made, with the identification of novel drug targets and...
In situ hybridization is an important technique for measuring the spatial expression patterns of mRNA in cells, tissues, and whole animals. However, mRNA levels cannot be compared across experiments using typical protocols. Here we present a semi-quantitative method to compare mRNA levels of a gene across multiple samples. This method yields an estimate of the error in the measurement to allow statistical...
The eye has been one of the most intensively studied organs in Drosophila. The wealth of knowledge about its development, as well as the reagents that have been developed, and the fact that the eye is dispensable for survival, also make the eye suitable for genetic interaction studies and genetic screens. This article provides a brief overview of the methods developed to image and probe eye development...
Drosophila oogenesis is an excellent system for the study of developmental cell biology. Active areas of research include stem cell maintenance, gamete development, pattern formation, cytoskeletal regulation, intercellular communication, intercellular transport, cell polarity, cell migration, cell death, morphogenesis, cell cycle control, and many more. The large size and relatively simple organization...
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