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Newly synthesized polypeptides entering the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) encounter a large array of molecular chaperones and folding factors that facilitate proper folding as well as assess folding status, retaining non-native proteins within the ER. Calnexin (CNX), an ER membrane protein, and its soluble homologue, calreticulin (CRT), are two important molecular chaperones that contribute to both processes...
The multiple implications of ER stress and the unfolded protein response in health and disease highlight the importance of identifying convenient monitoring systems for its onset under various experimental or physiological settings. A large volume of studies establish that induction of GRP78 is a marker for ER stress. GRP78, also referred to as BiP, is a central regulator for ER stress due to its...
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves many specialized functions in the cell including calcium storage and gated release, biosynthesis of membrane and secretory proteins, and production of lipids and sterols. Therefore, the ER integrates many internal and external signals to coordinate downstream responses, although the mechanism(s) that maintain homeostasis are largely unknown. When misfolded or...
It is now understood that a cohesive series of quality control checkpoints ensures the accuracy of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Although initiated in the nucleus to monitor the integrity of inherited genetic information, the quality control program encompasses post-translational events that facilitate the structural maturation of encoded proteins or target them for degradation if unable to...
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