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To study the safety of Aconitum medicinal herbs in clinic and identify Aconitum alkaloids poisoning in forensic medicine, Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites were separated and identified in human urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS n ) and chemical pathway of metabolism was investigated. The alkaloids and their metabolites in...
2-Amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (2-AOD-3-ol) was isolated from the cytotoxic rice culture extract of a strain of Fusarium avenaceum, which had previously been isolated from Norwegian grain. The structural information was obtained from LC–MS/MS, GC–MS, NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution MS data. The metabolite has a striking similarity to sphinganine, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the...
The purple ink of the sea hare Aplysia punctata contains a 60kDa protein with tumoricidal activity. This A. punctata ink toxin (APIT) kills tumor cells within 6–8h in an apoptosis independent manner by the production of high amounts of hydrogen peroxide which induce a necrotic form of oxidative stress. Here, we describe the biochemical features of APIT associated with its anti-tumor activity. APIT...
Coriaria myrtifolia should be recognized as one of the most neurotoxic plants in western Mediterranean area. This shrub produces a toxin, coriamyrtin, that is present in high concentrations in the berries. Ingestion of few fruits similar to blackberries may induce digestive and neurological manifestations including seizures, coma and apnea. The authors present a new case report that took place in...
The North Queensland chirodropid box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri and Chiropsalmus sp. share similar nematocyst composition and the same prey of Acetes australis shrimps in their early medusa stages; however, as C. fleckeri individuals reach larger size, the animals add fish to their diet and their complement of nematocyst types changes, allowing larger doses of venom to be delivered to prey. This...
Toads belonging to the genus Melanophryniscus contain toxic alkaloids in their skin. From six locations in south-eastern Uruguay 81 specimens of Melanophryniscus montevidensis were collected. In whole animal methanolic extracts of individual specimens, alkaloids of the pumiliotoxin (PTX) group and indolizidines were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; the predominant component PTX...
A novel protein, named BAS-AH, was purified and characterized from the skin of the toad Bufo andrewsi. BAS-AH is a single chain protein and the apparent molecular weight is about 63kDa as judged by SDS-PAGE. BAS-AH was determined to bind heme (0.89mol heme/mol protein) as determined by pyridine haemochrome analysis. Fifty percentage cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) of BAS-AH on C8166 cells...
Centaurea solstitialis (yellow star thistle) has been proven to cause equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses. Over the last fifty years, nigropallidal encephalomalacia has been of interest to human medicine due to the possible connection with Parkinson's disease. Previous studies indicated the presence of neurotoxic nitrogenous compounds in polar extracts of the plant. In order to give a...
The caudices of 10 Adenia species contain galactose-binding lectins that were purified by affinity chromatography. All lectins but three agglutinate human erythrocytes. Six lectins consist of two unequal chains, which can be separated by reduction, and inhibit protein synthesis both by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and by HeLa and Raji cells. The lectins from A. goetzii, A. lanceolata and A. stenodactyla...
Snake venoms affect blood coagulation and platelet functions in various ways. Venom from the Viperidae and Crotalidae family of snakes contains biologically active proteins that possess coagulant and anticoagulant activities, as well as platelet aggregating and inhibitory activities. Many of these proteins belong to the C-type lectin family. C-type lectins from viper venoms can act by prohibiting...
In recent years the data on the novel structures of spider toxins have been greatly increasing. The sequence data should be classified. We introduced two primary structure analysis techniques—single residue distribution analysis (SRDA) and pattern analysis for classifying spider polypeptide toxins with molecular weight less than 10kDa. For multiple sequence alignment, we also introduced three novel...
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Tityus serrulatus venom were obtained by the fusion of SP2/0 murine myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with a toxic fraction (TstFG 50 ) of the Tityus venom (this G 50 chromatography fraction represents most of the toxicity of the crude venom) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glutaraldehyde. From the initial screening...
Acute renal failure is the most common complication in the lethal cases caused by snakebites in Brazil. Among the Brazilian venom snakes, Bothrops erythromelas is responsible for the majority of accidents in Northeastern Brazil. Didelphis marsupialis serum could inhibit myonecrotic, hemorrhagic, edematogenic hyperalgesic and lethal effects of envenomation determined by ophidian bites. In the present...
We have previously demonstrated that rabbit antisera raised against crotoxin from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom (cdc-crotoxin) and its PLA 2 (cdc-PLA 2 ) neutralized the neurotoxicity of this venom and its crotoxin. In this study, we examined the ability of these antisera to neutralize the neurotoxicity of Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararacussu venoms and their...
At the western Mediterranean coast of Morocco, the cockle (Acanthocardia tuberculatum) contained persistent high levels of paralytic shellfish toxins for several years, while other bivalve molluscs such as sweet clam (Callista chione) from the same vicinity were contaminated seasonally to a much lesser extent. In order to understand the causes of this prolonged contamination, a comparative study on...
Amphibian skin secretions contain many bioactive compounds. In the present work, an irreversible serine protease inhibitor, termed baserpin, was purified for the first time from the skin secretions of toad Bufo andrewsi by successive ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Baserpin is a single chain glycoprotein, with an apparent molecular weight of about 60kDa in SDS-PAGE. Baserpin is an...
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