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Microcystins (MCs) pollution has quickly risen in infamy and has become a major problem to public health worldwide. MCs are a group of monocyclic hepatotoxic peptides, which are produced by some bloom-forming cyanobacteria in water. More than 100 different MCs variants posing a great threat to animals and humans due to their potential carcinogenicity have been reported. To reduce MCs risks, the World...
SaPLIγ is a natural phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, isolated from Sinonatrix annularis, that has been demonstrated to protect against envenomation by other venomous snakes. As snake venom PLA2s and mammalian secretory PLA2s are similar, saPLIγ is thought to have potential to alleviate inflammatory reactions in which PLA2s act as a key enzyme for arachidonic acid release. The aim of this study was...
A plan to achieve self-sufficiency in manufacturing biologicals for public health has been structured for the last 40 years in Brazil, in the context of a reform in the health system. Industrial plants of the national public laboratories have been modernized, and a program for reducing morbidity and mortality of venomous snakebite has been created, as part of the National Epidemiological Surveillance...
In recent years, the neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been reported in some marine mollusk species. To further discover BMAA in marine animals, a total of 59 samples belonging to 3 phyla, 22 families, and 43 species, were collected from Dalian, Rongcheng, and Zhoushan cities, China, in April 2017. All samples were quantified by a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem...
In millions of years, spiders have optimized their venoms in order to assure successful prey capture and defence against predators. Spider venoms have become unique cocktails of biological active components enabling potentially interesting application for drug discovery or for agricultural purposes. The venom of Phoneutria nigriventer has been studied for over 60 years. This spider is responsible...
Snakebite envenoming is a serious problem in Myanmar. The great majority of snakebite in this country is due to Russell's Viper (Daboia siamensis). For many years, the Burma Pharmaceutical Industry has produced a monovalent antivenom to Russell's Viper in horses. At present, the only way of determining the level of antibody against D. siamensis venom in hyperimmune horse serum is to perform venom...
The compulsive and insidious secondary metabolite aflatoxin B1, produced by the opportunistic fungi Aspergillus flavus, upholds a distinguished place in midst of the toxicants causing fatal hazards to humans. Aflatoxins alter the function of host cells by inducing multiple effects through genetic and non-genetic pathways. Epigenetic mechanisms drag major attention towards finding novel and new mechanisms...
Snake antivenoms are formulations of animal immunoglobulins used in the treatment of snakebite envenomation. The general scheme for producing snake antivenoms has undergone few changes since its development more than a century ago; however, technological innovations have been introduced in the manufacturing process. These medicines must comply with identity, purity, safety and efficacy profiles, as...
This study investigates for the first time in vivo potential release of bound microcystins (MCs) from edible fish tissues. Bound MCs were released in the mouse digestive system and reached the liver (2.1–14.3 ng g−1) and blood (1–5 ng ml−1). The released MCs were active and negatively affected liver functions of treated mice. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for bound MCs (93.5 μg kg−1 day−1) is about...
Scorpions are an ancient and diverse venomous lineage, with over 2200 currently recognized species. Only a small fraction of scorpion species are considered harmful to humans, but the often life-threatening symptoms caused by a single sting are significant enough to recognize scorpionism as a global health problem. The continued discovery and classification of new species has led to a steady increase...
This case report describes the effects of an envenomation from one of the most infrequently encountered species of rattlesnake in the United States, Crotalus willardi willardi (C. w. willardi), the Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake. A previously healthy 57-year-old male sustained a bite to his non-dominant hand from a C. w. willardi. The most pronounced effect from the envenomation was edema and progression...
Bactridine 2 (Bact-2) is an antibacterial toxin from Tityus discrepans venom which modifies isoforms 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels. Bactridine-induced Na+ outflow in Yersinia enterocolitica was blocked by amiloride, suggesting that Bact-2 effect was mediated by an amiloride sensitive sodium channel. In this study we show that Bact-2 increases also an outward rectifying current...
The recent publication of high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of scorpion venom glands has increased our knowledge on the biodiversity of venom components. In this contribution, we report the transcriptome of the venom gland and the proteome of the venom for the scorpion species Paravaejovis schwenkmeyeri, a member of the family Vaejovidae. We report 138 annotated transcripts encoding...
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