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The funnel-web spider, Agelena labyrinthica, is widely distributed throughout Turkey. The objective of the present study was to describe the histological and functional fine structure of A. labyrinthica's venom gland by using light microscope, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). We have also preliminarily analyzed venom components by SDS-PAGE. Each venom gland has surrounded...
This study was undertaken to the study toxic effects of aflatoxins and reducing toxic effects of calcium propionate on performance, hepatic enzyme activities and aflatoxin residues in broilers. Two hundred and seventy 1-day-old hybrid Arbor Acor broiler chickens were fed conventional feed for 3 days. Broilers were then randomly divided into nine groups of 30 birds each. The nine dietary treatments...
A novel l-amino acid oxidase (LAO) (Casca LAO) from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom was purified to a high degree of molecular homogeneity using a combination of molecular exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography system. The purified monomer of LAO presented a molecular mass of 68kDa and pI estimated in 5.43, which were determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The 71st N-terminal amino acid...
Lectin plays an important role in defense signaling in plants. A few genes of this family have been cloned. Here we report on a mannose-specific jacalin-related lectin in rice. Using sequence information of wheat gene VER2, which we had previously cloned, we were able to amplify a cDNA of OsJAC1 from Oryza sativa by RT-PCR. The cDNA of OsJAC1 was 1172bp and contained a 921-bp open reading frame (ORF)...
The cytotoxic activity of some of the most pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae is associated with a cytolysin protein (VCC), which forms oligomeric transmembrane pores and changes the permeability of intestinal cells. We present here a model structure of the transmembrane pore of VCC based on sequence comparison with other pore-forming toxins. VCC is suggested to form a transmembrane β-barrel pore...
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a complication of envenoming by contact with caterpillars of the species Lonomia obliqua. A cohort study was conducted to evaluate development of acute and chronic renal failure (CRF) in patients who been in contact with L. obliqua during the period from 1989 to 2003 in the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Patients were evaluated in two distinct groups: those...
A novel C-type lectin-like protein, dabocetin, was purified from Daboia russellii siamensis venom. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it showed a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 28kDa and two distinct bands with the apparent molecular weights of 15.0kDa and 14.5kDa under non-reducing and reducing conditions, respectively. cDNA clones containing the coding sequences for dabocetin...
There is an increasing interest of obtaining venom by other ways than from extracting it from snakes captured in the wild. A readily available source of this venom will be useful for all pharmacological and biotechnological studies, as well as providing an improved avenue for treatments of snakebites. Here, we show that secretory cells of venom gland can be a good in vitro apparatus to produce venom...
Freshwater stingrays of the Potamotrygon genus are regarded by native people in the Amazonia as dangerous fishes responsible of frequent stings. Small freshwater stingrays are imported to Europe and sold as aquarium fish because they are easy to keep captive. The purpose of this report is to describe two new cases involving envenomation by freshwater stingray. One patient was an experienced 45-year-old...
A catalytically-inactive Lys49 phospholipase A 2 homologue from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper induces diverse effects (necrosis, apoptosis and proliferation) in a lymphoblastoid cell line, depending on the toxin concentration. The increments in cytosolic Ca 2+ levels induced by this toxin in this cell line were assessed. At high toxin concentration (100μg/mL) the toxin induces...
Snake venoms contain saccharide-binding lectins. In this work, we examined the biological activities of a lectin (BjcuL) purified from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom by chromatography on non-derivatized Sepharose 4B and Sephacryl S-200 HR. The protein, a homodimer with subunits of 14.5kDa, gave a single immunoprecipitin line in immunoelectrophoresis and cross-reacted in ELISA with antivenoms raised...
Colubrids involved in human envenomation in Brazil are mainly from the genera Helicops, Oxyrhopus, Thamnodynastes and Philodryas. There is a relatively large number of clinical descriptions involving the Xenodontinae snakes, Philodryas olfersii and Philodryas patagoniensis, in human accidents. The most common manifestations of envenomation are local pain, swelling, erythema and ecchymosis and regional...
The saliva of ticks (Suborder Ixodida) is critical to their survival as parasites. A tick bite should result in strong responses from the host defence systems (haemostatic, immune and inflammatory) but tick saliva appears to have evolved to counter these responses. We review current knowledge of tick saliva components, with emphasis on those molecules confirmed to be present in the secreted saliva...
The hemorrhagic syndrome caused by Lonomia obliqua caterpillars is an increasing problem in Southern Brazil. The clinical profile is characterized by both hemorrhagic and pro-coagulant symptoms, constituting a paradoxical action of the venom. The effects upon blood coagulation and fibrin(ogen)olysis have been shown to result from the combined action of several active principles found mostly in the...
μ-Conotoxin SIIIA, a novel blocker of tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) has been identified from the fish-hunting cone snail, Conus striatus. The deduced sequence consists of a 20-residue signal peptide, a 31-residue pro-peptide, and a 20-residue mature toxin with its N-terminal Gln cyclized and C-terminus amidated. μ-SIIIA shares the common cysteine arrangement...
Preparative HPLC purification of a side-fraction obtained during purification of 44,55-dihydroxyyessotoxin (6) afforded fractions containing previously unidentified yessotoxin analogues. Careful analysis of these fractions by HPLC-UV, LC–MS 3 , and NMR spectroscopy, revealed the identities of some of these analogues as 45-hydroxy-46,47-dinoryessotoxin (1), 44-oxo-45,46,47-trinoryessotoxin...
A novel metalloproteinase, recombinant fibrinogenase IV (rFIV a ), was expressed and purified from Deinakistrodon acutus venom. It was a single chain protein with an apparent molecular weight 27kDa and an isoeletric point of pH 7.1. RFIV a cleaved preferentially the Aα-chain and also cleaved Bβ, γ-chains of fibrinogen when the incubation time was prolonged. The proteolytic activity...
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