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Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) have been extensively studied and their effects associated with the local bleeding observed in human accidents by viper snakes. Representatives of P-I and P-III classes of SVMPs similarly hydrolyze extracellular matrix proteins or coagulation factors while only P-III SVMPs induce significant hemorrhage in experimental models. In this work, the effects of P-I...
Research into snake venom components has intensified over the last number of decades, particularly that work directed towards the discovery of novel agents with potential applications in clinical therapy. In the present study we report, for the first time, defined patterns observed in the G-50 chromatographic elution profiles from 30 snake venoms taken from Elapidae and Viperidae families, as well...
An antihemorrhagic protein has been isolated from the serum of Chinese mamushi (Gloydius blomhoffi brevicaudus) by using a combination of ethanol precipitation and a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C8 column. This protein—designated Chinese mamushi serum factor (cMSF)—suppressed mamushi venom-induced hemorrhage in a dose-dependent manner. It had no effect on trypsin,...
Human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against HR1a from Protobothrops (formerly Trimeresurus) flavoviridis venom were obtained by the fusion of SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells and spleen cells from KM mice immunized with purified HR1a. The ability of HuMAbs to neutralize the HR1a was determined by in vitro neutralization assay and by neutralization of the hemorrhagic activity. The initial screening of over...
Since allergic sensitization to snake venom has been reported, anaphylactic reactions to snake venom might be an underestimated factor contributing to fatal snakebites, independently from the toxicity of the venom itself. However, little information is available on the determinants of such reaction. Hence, we studied a group of workers exposed to Bothrops jararaca venom (BJV), in order to clarify...
A proteinase, named BmooMPα-I, from the venom of Bothrops moojeni, was purified by DEAE-Sephacel, Sephadex G-75 and heparin-agarose column chromatography. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity as judged by its migration profile in SDS–PAGE stained with coomassie blue, and showed a molecular mass of about 24.5kDa. Its complete cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR and the 615bp codified for a mature protein...
Local and systemic hemorrhages are major problems concerning bites by viper snakes. Therefore, accessing venom hemorrhagic activity is an important feature in order to characterize viper venom major toxicities or to assay antivenom efficacy. The methods currently used to access hemorrhagic activity involve animal experiments and according to the general ethical committees, these procedures should...
Bleeding at the site of bite and/or systemic hemorrhage are symptoms frequently observed in envenomation by Bothrops jararaca snakes. In this study, we purified and characterized a prothrombin activator from B. jararaca that is probably involved in these clinical manifestations. The enzyme was isolated by a combination of gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographies and named bothrojaractivase...
Snake venom C-type lectin-like proteins (CLPs) are ubiquitously found in Viperidae snake venoms and differ from the C-type lectins as they display different biological activities but no carbohydrate-binding activity. Previous analysis of the transcriptome obtained from the Bothrops insularis venom gland showed the presence of two clusters homologous to bothrojaracin (BJC) chains α and β. In an effort...
The venom of Zhaoermia mangshanensis, encountered solely in Mt Mang in China's Hunan Province, exhibits coagulant, phosphodiesterase, l-amino acid oxidase, kallikrein, phospholipase A 2 and myotoxic activities. The catalytically inactive PLA 2 homolog referred to as zhaoermiatoxin is highly myotoxic and displays high myonecrotic and edema activities. Zhaoermiatoxin possesses a molecular...
Ammodytoxin C (AtxC) is a toxic secreted phospholipase A 2 (sPLA 2 ) from the venom of Vipera ammodytes snake. To evaluate its potential to kill cancer cells, the toxin was cross-linked to the monoclonal antibody against cathepsin B which endocytoses upon binding to cathepsin B, an antigen overexpressed on the plasma membrane of cancer cells. A photo-reactive derivative of AtxC, possessing...
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (30–100nm) with an endosome-derived limiting membrane that are secreted by a diverse range of cell types. We provide here the first evidence for the presence of exosome-like vesicles in snake venom. We isolated vesicles from fresh venom from Gloydius blomhoffii blomhoffii by gel-filtration. We found that the vesicles showed a typical exosome-like size and morphology...
Snake venoms are known to be an extensive source of bioactive peptides. Bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs) are inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme that have already been identified in the venom of many snake, scorpion, spider and batrachian species. Their most characteristic structural features are an invariable N-terminal pyroglutamate residue (pGlu or Z) and two consecutive proline...
The structural features of presynaptically neurotoxic secretory phospholipases A 2 (sPLA 2 s) that are responsible for their potent and specific action are still a matter of debate. To identify the residues that distinguish a highly neurotoxic sPLA 2 , ammodytoxin A (AtxA), from a structurally similar but more than two orders of magnitude less toxic Russell's viper sPLA ...
A compound (AIPLAI (Azadirachta indica PLA 2 inhibitor)) purified from the methanolic leaf extract of A. indica (Neem) inhibits the cobra and Russell's viper venoms (RVVs) phospholipase A 2 enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of catalytic and tested pharmacological properties of cobra venom (Naja naja and Naja kaouthia) PLA 2 enzymes by AIPLAI is significantly higher...
BmTX-I, an Asp49 phospholipase A 2 , was purified from Bothrops moojeni venom after only one chromatographic step using reverse-phase HPLC on μ-Bondapak C-18 column. A molecular mass of 14238.71Da was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Amino acid analysis showed a high content of hydrophobic and basic amino acids as well as 14 half-cysteine residues.The BmTX-I PLA 2 had a sequence...
Polyvalent anti-Bitis and anti-Naja antivenom IgY antibodies were prepared using B. arietans, B. nasicornis, B. rhinoceros, N. melanoleuca, and N. mossambica venoms to immunize chickens. Blood and eggs were collected before and during the 10-month immunization period; the sera and yolk extracts were then prepared and assayed for the presence of antivenom antibodies by ELISA and Western blot methods...
A number of inactive serine protease homologues (SPHs), which have poorly understood functions, have been identified in invertebrates and vertebrates. Recently, several SPH transcripts have been reported from snake venom glands, which provide potential new tools for the study of the functions of SPHs. Herein we report for the first time a snake venom serine protease homologue (svSPH) protein, designated...
Vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins (VAPs) from hemorrhagic snake venom are apoptosis-inducing toxins that target vascular endothelial cells. We now show that VAP1 and VAP2 from Crotalus atrox have hemorrhagic activity in mouse skin following intradermal injection. Following intravenous injection, VAP2 induced hemorrhage in the lung, intestine and kidney. Although the hemorrhagic activity was relatively...
The dynamics of the local inflammatory events induced by Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) inoculation in footpad of mice genetically selected for maximal (AIRmax) and minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reactivity (AIR) was investigated. The BjV injection induced a marked inflammatory cell infiltrate with predominance of neutrophils, with increased blood cell numbers before its accumulation, suggesting...
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