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Phoneutria spider venoms are a rich source of bioactive components. The limited amounts of crude material available, however, can be considered as a major hindrance for a faster development in the field. In the present study, we attempted to establish primary cultures of venom glands of Phoneutria nigriventer as an alternative, in vitro source of venom. Three different developmental stages were tried...
Spiders belonging to the genus Phoneutria (Perty, 1833), most commonly known as ‘armed’ spiders, are among the most dangerous species in Brazil due to high toxicity of their venom, associated with their habit of invading domestic or specific areas such as banana plantations. The venom of Phoneutria spiders is secreted by a pair of venom glands located inside their cephalothoraxes and connected to...
Honey bee workers use venom for the defence of the colony and themselves when they are exposed to dangers and predators. It is produced by a long thin, convoluted, and bifurcated gland, and consists of several toxic proteins and peptides. The present study was undertaken in order to identify the mechanisms that protect the venom gland secretory cells against these harmful components. Samples of whole...
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