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Since the first licensing for medical applications nearly 20 years ago, the Type A botulinum toxins have been used extensively. Therapeutic proteins may induce an unwanted immune response in treated patients. Following the recommendations of Mire-Sluis, 2004, we have developed a three-step approach to assess the presence of anti-botulinum toxin A antibodies. The first step is a screening, binding...
Some studies have indicated the efficacy of the botulinum toxin for the treatment of dysphagia in different neurological diseases, such as parkinsonian syndromes and stroke, by injecting the toxin into the cricopharyngeal (CP) muscle, the main part of the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS). There are some electrophysiological investigations able to quantify abnormalities in CP muscle relaxation in...
Botulinum neurotoxins are multifaceted molecules, which are truly unique not only in their mode of action, but also in their utility as a drug carrier either across the gut wall or to the nerve terminals. The molecule is divided into clear functional domains that can operate independently. This feature can be used to employ them as cargo carrier by linking other drugs or vaccines with the binding...
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