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North American rattlesnake envenomations commonly produce defibrination, coagulopathy and/or thrombocytopenia, which may be reversed following treatment with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab Ovine (FabAV). Despite initial resolution with FabAV, late onset or recurrence of venom-induced hematologic effects may occur. Time at which onset of late hematotoxicity may first be detected is unknown. The purpose...
Metabolic expenditure has been shown to increase abruptly in several snake species directly after venom expenditure, while the later stages of venom replenishment seem to involve minor costs. This study examines the dependence of increases in metabolic rate following venom expenditure on the stage of venom replenishment that the venom producing tissue is in at the time of venom extraction in the Common...
Karlodinium micrum (Strain NMBjah047) was isolated from the water samples of East China Sea (ECS). The hemolytic, ichthyotoxic, and cytotoxic activities of the algae was characterized. Embryotoxicity of both intra and extracellular extracts were also tested on a local sea urchin species. The algal intracellular hemolytic toxicity averaged about 87.5% at different algal growth phases. However, extracellular...
The emergence of an epilepsy syndrome in sea lions poisoned by domoic acid (DA) draws striking parallels to the single case study of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) that developed in an 84 yr old man one year after being poisoned by DA. To establish a basis for understanding this disease in sea lions and humans that appears to progress from DA poisoning, we have investigated the potential for a single...
Gyroxin is a serine protease enzyme component of the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom. This toxin displays several activities, including the induction of blood coagulation (fibrinogenolytic activity), vasodilation and neurotoxicity, resulting in an effect called barrel rotation. The mechanisms involved in this neurotoxic activity are not well known. Because gyroxin is...
Pre-column oxidation liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection is a chemical method for analyzing paralytic shellfish toxins. In order to improve the sample throughput and efficiency of AOAC Method 2005.06, solid core particle column technology was evaluated. We demonstrate that supplanting the original fully porous particle column with a solid core particle column reduces sample analysis...
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) play crucial roles in human physiology and pathophysiology through natriuresis, dieresis and vasorelaxation. NPs are also one of the important components of snake venoms. However, the low abundance in snake venom hampered the investigation. Here, a novel natriuretic peptide named Na–NP was purified from the cobra Naja atra venom. Na–NP consists of 45 amino acid residues...
Snake bite accidents by Bothrops genus is an important public health issue in Brazil and one of its most serious complications is the acute kidney injury (AKI). Here we evaluated the effects of Bothrops jararaca venom (vBj) and the treatments with lipoic acid (LA) and simvastatin (SA) on renal function, aminopeptidase (AP) activities and renal redox status. Primordial events for establishment of AKI...
Heterocytous cyanobacteria from various habitats were screened for toxicity to brine shrimp Artemia salina and the murine lymphoblastic cell line Sp/2 in order to compare these two testing models for evaluation of risk posed by cyanobacteria to human health. Methanol extracts of biomass and cultivation media were tested for toxicity and selected extracts were fractionated to determine the active fraction...
Cyanobacterial waterblooms, such as the saxitoxin (STX) producer Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, have been a worldwide concern in environmental health. However, the bioaccumulation of this neurotoxin in the trophic chain is not completely known. The aim of the present work was to evaluate STX bioaccumulation through chemical analyses and the toxic and trophic effects using biomarkers in the tropical...
Phospholipase A 2 inhibitors (PLIs) are glycoproteins secreted by snake liver into the circulating blood aiming the self-protection against toxic venom phospholipases A 2 . In the present study, we describe the first complete nucleotide sequence of a βPLI from venom glands of a New World snake, Lachesis muta. The deduced primary structure was compared to other known βPLIs and recent...
Multidrug resistant bacterial infections are one of the most important health problems in recent years. Resistance to conventional antibiotics limits the therapeutic options causing increase rate in morbid-mortality in hospitals. Therefore, new antibacterial agents with new bacterial targets have been searched and found in many different sources, including scorpion venom and scorpion hemolymph. Here,...
Botulinum toxin type A is used as a therapeutic agent for some spastic neurological disorders. Type A organisms have been classified into four subtypes (A1 to A4) based on the amino acid sequence variability of the produced neurotoxin. At present, commercially available preparations of the toxin belong to subtype A1. To date, no study has compared the characteristics of the biological activity of...
From six Conus species (Conus coronatus, Conus lividus, Conus mozambicus f. lautus, Conus pictus, Conus sazanka, Conus tinianus) collected off the eastern coast of South Africa the venoms were analyzed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Between 56 and 151 molecular masses most in a range of 1000 to 2500 Da, were identified. Among the six venoms, between 0 and 27% (C. coronatus versus C. sazanka) of...
Several sesquiterpene lactone were synthesized and their inhibitive activities on phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) from Bothrops jararacussu venom were evaluated. Compounds Lac01 and Lac02 were efficient against PLA 2 edema-inducing, enzymatic and myotoxic activities and it reduces around 85% of myotoxicity and around 70% of edema-inducing activity. Lac05–Lac08 presented lower efficiency...
Phoneutria (Ctenidae) is among the most dangerous venomous spiders in Brazil. Its venom is composed of a mixture of pharmacologically active components, some of which have been quite extensively studied due to their potentiality as models for new pharmaceutical drugs. Nevertheless, literature data on the venom-producing glands are very limited. In the present study, we follow the biological development...
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