Apoptosis is a natural cell elimination process involved in a number of physiological and pathological events. This process can be regulated by members of the Bcl-2 family. Bax, a pro-apoptotic member of this family, accelerates cell death, while the pro-survival member, Bcl-x L , can antagonize the pro-apoptotic function of Bax to promote cell survival. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of Bcl-x L on Bax-induced alterations in mitochondrial respiration and calcium release. We found that in primary cultured astrocytes, recombinant Bcl-x L is able to antagonize Bax-induced decrease in mitochondrial respiration and increase in mitochondrial calcium release. In addition, we found that Bcl-x L can lower the calcium store in the endoplasmic reticulum, thus limiting potential calcium flux induced by apoptosis. This regulation of calcium flux by Bcl-x L may represent an important mechanism by which this protein promotes cell survival.