Supraspinal modulation and phase-related sensory input play an important role for the functional recovery of locomotion among patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Reciprocal inhibition (RI) modulates reciprocating lower extremity movements such as locomotion and pedaling. The effects of therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES) on reciprocal inhibition are limited. Pedaling is widely used for rehabilitation of locomotion because it induces similar muscle activity to that observed during locomotion. We, therefore, applied pedaling and TES simultaneously and examined the effects on RI in healthy persons. Pedaling+TES induced stronger after-effects on RI compared with either intervention alone. Furthermore, we combined anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (anodal tDCS) with patterned electrical stimulation (PES) on the peroneal nerve. We applied anodal tDCS+PES to patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Combination of anodal tDCS with PES significantly modulated RI and improved ankle movements. Combination of TES with pedaling or anodal tDCS could be effective for the functional recovery of locomotion among patients with CNS lesions.