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Phenotypic plasticity in decision making should be selected for when reliable information on current conditions is available. When current information is unreliable, however, selection should favour unresponsive behavioural phenotypes, which might lead to the emergence of personalities. We tested the hypothesis that personality will affect decision making when information is unreliable, but not when...
The prevalence of stable behavioural differences between individuals of a species (i.e. personality) is puzzling because it indicates that there are limits on animals' behavioural plasticity and, therefore, optimality of behaviour. Personality may result from individual state characteristics (e.g. morphology or physiology). In turn, these characteristics can lead to differential fitness outcomes for...
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