The background of Non-Linear Continuum Damage Mechanics is presented for the case of one-dimensional tensile stresses. A brief critical analysis of the existing methods of non-linear damage models construction is given. A new approach to the damage theory development based on the “separability” principle is suggested. The condition of non-linearity and the criterion of long-term failure are formulated. The non-linear damage constitutive equations for static and cyclic loading, allowing one to take into account the loading history, are proposed on this basis. Within the framework of the approach suggested the problems of total and residual lifetime calculation under additional loads and partial unloads are solved. The predictions are compared with experimental data obtained using some particular heat-resistant materials.