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The exact nature of the sequence differences between the medically important family of gonococcal penicillinase-producing plasmids has been ascertained. The entire DNA sequence of the Asia-type plasmid, pJD4, demonstrated that it is 7426 bp and contains two direct repeats (DR30) that are implicated in the formation of deletion variant plasmids, such as the Africa-type plasmid. We have identified putative...
Certain yeast strains secrete a protein toxin, which inhibits the growth of sensitive pathogens and yeasts. Studies have shown that production of the toxin is dependent on presence of linear, double-stranded DNA plasmids in the killer yeasts. In the yeast Pichia pastoris, two linear double-stranded DNA plasmids have been identified. In the present study, the search for toxin-producing capability in...
Comparison of the updated complete nucleotide sequences of the two related plasmids pME2001 and pME2200 from the thermophilic archaeon Methanothermobacter marburgensis (formerly Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum) strains Marburg and ZH3, respectively, revealed an almost identical common backbone structure and five plasmid-specific inserted fragments (IFs), four of which are flanked by perfect or...
To determine possible functions of the Edwardsiella ictaluri plasmids, pEI1 and pEI2, we analyzed the sequence of both plasmids. Plasmid pEI1 is 4807 bp, with 51% G + C, and 23 possible open reading frames of 40 amino acids or greater. Plasmid pEI2 is 5643 bp, with 51% G + C, and 24 possible reading frames. Database searches indicated that pEI1 contains an insertion element and a ROM analog. In addition,...
Nucleotide sequence analysis of two cryptic plasmids, pRS2 (2544 bp) and pRS3 (3948 bp), from Oenococcus oeni revealed the presence in both of three major open reading frames with significant similarity to other small cryptic plasmids from O. oeni. The results suggest that those plasmids could be separated into two subfamilies, one represented by pLo13 and pRS3, the other represented by pOg32, pRS1,...
The search for small RNAs which might act as riboregulators became successful over the past two years both in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes. Moreover, artificially designed antisense RNAs have become powerful tools to downregulate the expression of targeted genes. It seems that antisense RNAs as regulatory molecules are most likely to be found everywhere. However, the first naturally occuring antisense...
Bacillus thuringiensis, the entomopathogenic bacteria from the Bacillus cereus group, harbors numerous extrachromosomal molecules whose sizes vary from 2 to more than 200kb. Apart from the genes coding for the biopesticide δ-endotoxins located on large plasmids, little information has been obtained on these plasmids and their contribution to the biology of their host. In this paper, we embarked on...
The gfp gene was manipulated from a commercially available, high copy vector into endogenous plasmids of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella sonnei to yield stable GFP strains that required neither high copy number for visualization nor antibiotics for stable maintenance of the phenotype. The GFP phenotype of these strains remained stable after repeated passages in media and conditions that enhance...
Two strains of Oenococcus oeni, RS1 (which carries the plasmid pRS1) and RS2 (which carries the plasmids pRS2 and pRS3), were grown in the presence of different curing agents and at different temperatures. Sublethal temperature together with acriflavine generated all possible types of cured strains, i.e., lacking pRS1 (from strain RS1), and lacking pRS2, pRS3, or both (from strain RS2). Sublethal...
The nucleotide sequence of two novel plasmids isolated from the extreme thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Anaerocellum thermophilum DSM6725 (A. thermophilum), growing optimally at 70 o C, has been determined. pBAS2 was found to be a 3653bp plasmid with a GC content of 43%, and the sequence revealed 10 open reading frames (ORFs). The two largest of these, namely Orf21 and Orf41, showed similarity...
Plasmid rolling-circle replication initiates by covalent extension of a nick generated at the plasmid double-strand origin (dso) by the initiator protein. The RepC initiator protein binds to the plasmid pT181 dso in a sequence-specific manner and recruits the PcrA helicase through a protein–protein interaction. Subsequently, PcrA unwinds DNA at the nick site followed by replication by DNA polymerase...
As part of a study identifying plasmids in Campylobacter, we isolated and sequenced two novel cryptic plasmids from an agricultural isolate of Campylobacter coli. The larger of the two plasmids, p3384, is 3316bp in length and has a G+C content of 31.18%. A typical origin of replication consisting of five iterons was observed directly upstream of the first of three putative ORFs. The smaller plasmid,...
Haemophilus somnus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen capable of causing pneumonia, septicemia, and other systemic infections in bovines. An H. somnus isolate from bovine abortion (strain 649) was found to carry a ∼1.3kb plasmid (pHS649) that contained partial homology to two previously sequenced Haemophilus/Histophilus plasmids by BLAST analyses. Sequence analysis of pHS649 identified a putative...
Three small, cryptic plasmids from the multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Campylobacter coli strain RM2228 and one small, cryptic plasmid from the MDR Campylobacter jejuni strain RM1170 were sequenced and characterized. pCC2228-1 has some similarity to Firmicutes RepL family plasmids that replicate via a rolling-circle mechanism. pCC2228-2 is a theta-replicating, iteron-containing plasmid (ICP) that is a...
Analysis of 72 bifidobacterial isolates for plasmid DNA identified six different plasmid profiles, two profiles consisted of a single plasmid and four contained at least two. A plasmid identified in a Bifidobacterium catenulatum strain (pBC1) was chosen for further characterization based on its small size and stability. The plasmid was shown to be a circular molecule of 2540 base pairs with an overall...
Previously reported techniques for the electrotransfer of foreign DNA into pediococci yield only a small number of transformants/μg DNA, especially when using undomesticated strains. This study reports an improved protocol for the electrotransformation of pediococci, based on trials using Pediococcus acidilactici P60 and the plasmid pRS4C1. The improved protocol yields from 2 to 3 log units more transformants...
Despite the prevalence of Arthrobacter in the environment little is known about their plasmids, or the capacity of Arthrobacter plasmids to mediate horizontal gene transfer. In this study, we compared eight plasmids from five Arthrobacter strains in order to identify putative core maintenance genes for replication, segregation, and conjugation. Iteron like sequences were identified on some of the...
A survey of infant fecal Bifidobacterium isolates for plasmid DNA revealed that a significant portion of the strains, 17.6%, carry small plasmids. The majority of plasmid-harboring strains belonged to the Bifidobacterium longum/infantis group. Most of the plasmids could be assigned into two groups based on their sizes and the restriction profiles. Three plasmids, pB44 (3.6kb) from B. longum, pB80...
In bacteria, niche adaptation may be determined by mobile extrachromosomal elements. A remarkable characteristic of Rhizobium and Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) but also of Agrobacterium species is that almost half of the genome is contained in several large extrachromosomal replicons (ERs). They encode a plethora of functions, some of them required for bacterial survival, niche adaptation, plasmid transfer...
The genomes of a diverse set of Escherichia coli, including many Shiga toxin-producing strains of various serotypes were determined. A total of 39 plasmids were identified among these strains, and many carried virulence or putative virulence genes of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains, virulence genes for other pathogenic E. coli groups, and some had combinations of these genes. Among the novel...
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